thumb|right|Cardinal [[Franciszek Macharski with a scarlet zucchetto]]
The zucchetto (, <small>also</small> , , ; meaning 'small gourd', from zucca 'pumpkin' or more generally 'gourd'; plural in English: zucchettos) or solideo, officially a pileolus, is a small, hemispherical, form-fitting ecclesiastical skullcap worn by clerics of the Catholic Church, the Syriac Orthodox Church, and by senior clergy in certain denominations of Lutheranism, Anglicanism, and Methodism.
It is also called a pilus, pilos, pileus, pileolo, subbiretum, submitrale, soli deo, berrettino, calotte or calotta.
History
The zucchetto originated as the Paleo-Balkanic pileus and is related to the beret (which itself was originally a large zucchetto). The official name of the zucchetto—pileolus—means "small pileus" in Latin. Clerics adopted the style circa the Early Middle Ages or earlier, to keep their heads warm and to insulate the tonsure. The name "zucchetto" derives from its resemblance to half a pumpkin.
It is similar to the Jewish kippah or yarmulke, but typically differs in construction, with the zucchetto made of separate joined sections and color-coordinated to clerical status. It is normally used only by clergy and not by ordinary people, which also differs from the kippah. The resemblance between the two types of headgear is often seen as being deliberate but the zucchetto is distinct from and predates the skullcap style of kippah and yarmulke by hundreds of years.
Construction and design
thumb|White zucchetto worn by [[popes and popes emeriti]]
thumb|Two bishops wearing amaranth zucchetti
thumb|Priest's black zucchetto
thumb|[[Gunnar Rosendal, a Lutheran priest of the Church of Sweden, wearing a zucchetto]]
In Catholicism, the modern zucchetto is most commonly made of silk. The design utilises eight gores or triangular panels that are joined at the tips to form a hemispherical skullcap. Jutting from the central tip of the zucchetto is the "stem", known as stirpis or stirpes. It is made of a twisted loop of silk cord and is meant to make handling the zucchetto easier.
The zucchetto traditionally has a lining of thin white chamois as an insulator; this is also to help keep the shape of the zucchetto.
- members of religious orders with white habits (e.g., Norbertines) also may wear a white zucchetto made of wool.
thumb | center| [[Dionysius Ortsiefer, a German Franciscan friar, wearing a zucchetto]]
The most common Lutheran and Anglican design can be similar to the Catholic zucchetto or, far more often, similar to the Jewish kippah. A form of the zucchetto is worn by Anglican bishops and is used approximately like that of the Catholic Church. The Anglican "skullcap" differs from the zucchetto primarily in that it is made of six panels, bears a button at centre of the crown, and is of slightly larger dimensions. The other exception is that instead of the Catholic "church violet", Anglican churches usually (but not always) use purple caps on bishops.
thumb | right| [[John Dolben, Anglican Archbishop of York, wearing a skullcap ]]
In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, a seven-panel zucchetto called a ' is worn by nearly all priests. It is always black and embroidered with black Orthodox crosses.
Clergy of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Austrian Empire wore zucchettos (Serbian: ћелепуш) in order to look more similar to the Catholic clergy.
Usage
All ordained men in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church are entitled to wear the black zucchetto unless promoted to a higher office, and it is worn with either the cassock or liturgical vestments, never a suit. When a biretta or mitre is worn, a zucchetto is always worn underneath, hence its other names of subbirettum and submitrale.
The common tradition is for the cleric to obtain the zucchetto either from an ecclesiastical tailor or a retail church supply. There is also a tradition of friends buying a newly appointed bishop his first zucchetto.
A lower-ranking prelate must always doff his skullcap to a higher-ranking prelate; all prelates must remove their zucchetti in the presence of the pope, unless the pope prefers otherwise.
In that episode, Chumlee, one of the shows hosts' objective was to authenticate that zucchetto. They consulted an assistant professor of theology in Rome, who confirmed the zucchetto’s authenticity.
In another episode of the same show, a pair of slippers and stockings alongside a zucchetto, all of which said to have belonged to Pope Leo XIII, were attempted to be sold to the store where most of these show episodes take place, but at the end they did not make any business with the owner of said items.
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| thumb|250px|Pope Pius XII
| thumb|265px|Pope Leo XIII
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See also
- List of hat styles
- Taqiyah (cap)
- Skufia
- Philippi Collection
- Kippah or yarmulke