Zhuhai is a resort city located on the west bank of the Pearl River estuary, near Macau on the east shore of Zhongshan Island, of the central coast of southern Guangdong, China, on the southeastern edge of the Pearl River Delta. Its name literally means "pearl sea", which originates from the city's location at the mouth of the Pearl River meeting the South China Sea. Zhuhai borders Jiangmen to the west, Zhongshan to the north and Macau to the southeast, and has a bridge connecting to Hong Kong.
Zhuhai was one of the original four special economic zones established in 1980, as well as one of China's premier tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera. While the city is located in the traditionally Cantonese-speaking province of Guangdong, a significant portion of the population is now made up of Mandarin-speaking economic migrants originally from inland provinces.
The core of Zhuhai, Xiangzhou District along with Macao are in the northeastern portion of the administrative division and are part of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, the biggest built-up area in the world with more than 65,565,622 inhabitants as of the 2020 census, encompassing Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Macau, the main part of Guangzhou, and small parts of Jiangmen and Huizhou cities but with Hong Kong not quite conurbated yet.
According to a report released in 2014 by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Zhuhai is the most liveable city in China. Zhuhai is classified as a Medium-Port Metropolis.
History
Prehistoric era through Bronze age
200px|thumb|alt=Reconstructed Neolithic pottery discovered at Baojingwan, now featured at the Zhuhai Museum|Reconstructed Neolithic pottery discovered at Baojingwan, now featured at the Zhuhai Museum
Archeological evidence suggests human inhabitation in the Zhuhai region from at least the Neolithic Age. Numerous sites, including Baojingwan on Gaolan Island and Houshawan on Qi'ao Island, have yielded artifacts including pottery, rings, tools, and discs made of stone and jade that date between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Baojingwan also contains petroglyphs and paintings from the Late Neolithic period. Zhuhai's prehistoric cultures demonstrate similarities with others discovered in the Pearl River Delta, and indicate the presence of maritime, hunter-gatherer, and agricultural societies. Sites such as Tangxiahua have also revealed bronze casts, indicating the existence of regional bronze manufacturing that was contemporary with the Shang and Western Zhou dynasties.
Imperial China
Qin through Yuan
After the Qin dynasty's conquering of the indigenous Baiyue in 214 BCE, present-day Zhuhai was incorporated into Panyu County within the larger Nanhai Commandery. Following the Qin's collapse, Zhuhai was part of the Nanyue kingdom until its defeat by the Han in 111 BCE. Sustained migration of Han Chinese into the Zhuhai region began during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420). One notable instance was after Sun En's failed rebellion was driven out of Guangzhou; Sun's forces escaped to the Wanshan Archipelago, and their descendants eventually settled on the islands among remaining Baiyue and established fishing communities.
By the Tang dynasty (618-907), sedimentation from the region's watershed formed alluvial plains between islands and gradually expanded Zhuhai's shoreline; its first significant settlement, Xiangshan, was established as a military outpost in 757. Located in present-day Shanchang, Xiangshan assisted in countering piracy along the Maritime Silk Road and eventually developed into a center of salt production. Other regional industries in this period and in the subsequent Song dynasty (960–1279) were silver mining, fishing, and agriculture. Increased migration from Northern China and Xiangshan's productive capacity eventually convinced the imperial court to establish Xiangshan County in 1152 by incorporating land from Dongguang, Nanhai, Panyu, and Xinhui.
200px|thumb|alt=Ancestral halls of the Tang family in Tangjiawan, originally constructed during the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties. The existing buildings date from 1863|Ancestral halls of the Tang family in Tangjiawan, originally constructed during the Song, Yuan, and Ming Dynasties. The existing buildings date from 1863
Further migration into Zhuhai was prompted by the Jin–Song wars and other upheavals during the Song Dynasty. Zhuhai's prominent local clans, including the Tangs, Zhangs, Yangs, Rongs, and Wus, originated in these waves of migrations; 24 clans had been established in Xiangshan by the Southern Song. Clans brought more effective agricultural practices to Zhuhai and developed it further through land reclamation efforts. Surviving members of the Song then settled in Xiangshan and were strictly overseen and persecuted by the Yuan government; some lived around Huangyang Mountain and established a hermitage that eventually became Jintai Temple in 1740.
Ming through emergence of Macau
Raids by wokou pirates along China's coasts during the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644) instigated the construction of fortifications in Zhuhai, including on Sanzao Island and Jinding. Trade officials were eventually moved from Lampacau to Haojing in 1535, which was less remote and considered more favorable for trade. As Macau grew, the Ming government built fortifications in Zhuhai to prevent further encroachment by Portugal, including a border checkpoint at Gongbei in 1574 and a military garrison at Qianshan in 1621. Many of Zhuhai's original inhabitants did not return after the clearance policy ended in 1684, and the area became populated with migrants from other regions in Guangdong. Settlements in Zhuhai then proliferated into the 18th century as the economy recovered from the clearance; many of Zhuhai's present-day villages originate from this period.
200px|thumb|alt=1757 map of Macau and the Qianshan garrison, known to the Portuguese as "La Casa Blanche"|1757 map of Macau and the Qianshan garrison ("La Casa Blanche")
To emphasize their sovereignty over Macau, the Qing government implemented a local governance structure in 1731 at Qianshan to manage Chinese and Portuguese affairs, which was eventually moved to Mong Ha in 1743. A further layer of authority, the Macau Coast Military and Civilian Government, was added in 1744 and governed Xiangshan as well as other nearby counties; this organization's chief official was based out of the Qianshan fort until 1910. Illicit opium trafficking then continued between Western and Chinese smugglers in the waters around Cumsingmoon. Primarily targeting foreign and Chinese merchant vessels, including those trading in opium, the region's pirates numbered in the tens of thousands by 1805, and had bases throughout the Delta; those in Zhuhai included anchorages at Gaolan, Sanjiao, and Zhuzhou Islands. Cheung Po Tsai, considered one of the most formidable pirates of the period, raided several areas in Xiangshan in August 1809. After repeated failures at combating the region's piracy, the Qing began offering amnesty to pirate leaders in exchange for military postings and monetary rewards; this, along with infighting among pirate gangs, significantly reduced pirate activity by 1810.
200px|thumb|alt=Opium ships at Lintin, [[William John Huggins (1824)|Opium ships at Lintin, William John Huggins (1824)]]
In the prelude to the First Opium War, villagers on Qi'ao Island, an opium depot in northwestern Zhuhai, skirmished with British and American opium traffickers on July 1, 1836 and successfully pushed them out. After the war broke out in 1839, the British Army instigated the Battle of the Barrier at the Macau-Xiangshan border wall at Gongbei on August 19, 1840; the British force's superior firepower resulted in a Qing defeat. Further Portuguese encroachments into Xiangshan resulted in the Qing government signing the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking in 1887, which officially recognized Portugal's sovereignty over Macau. Beyond conflicts with foreign powers, Zhuhai was also impacted by the Red Turban Rebellion led by the Hongmen society in the 1850s, with areas like Doumen serving as bases of activity for the rebels.
300px|thumb|alt=Panoramic view of Xiangzhou, c. 1910|Panoramic view of Xiangzhou, c. 1910
Throughout the 19th century, many of Zhuhai's residents migrated abroad in pursuit of economic opportunity; others were trafficked as a part of Macau's coolie trade that boomed after the First Opium War. Some became successful businessmen and reinvested their earnings into their hometowns. These included Wu Yuzheng and Wang Xi, who along with others in Xiangshan worked to establish Xiangzhou in 1908 as a tax-exempt port and commercial center. Xiangzhou's prosperity was short-lived, and it was eventually deserted due to lack of government support and investment, competition from Macau, and a devastating fire in 1911.
150px|thumb|alt=1909 portrait of Yung Wing. Yung was originally educated at the [[Morrison Education Society School in Macau before migrating to the United States, where he graduated from Yale College in 1854.|1909 portrait of Yung Wing. Yung was originally educated at the Morrison Education Society School in Macau before migrating to the United States, where he graduated from Yale College in 1854.]]
Zhuhai's proximity to Macau and Hong Kong enabled greater exposure to Western ideas and education among its residents; many went on to become prominent intellectuals, reformers, and revolutionaries. This was exemplified in the life of Yung Wing, a native of Zhuhai who was the first Chinese graduate of an American college, founder of the Chinese Educational Mission, and ardent supporter of reform during the late Qing and early Republican periods. Others included Yang Pao'an, a Marxist activist and early member of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) who helped facilitate the First United Front between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the CCP, and Su Zhaozheng, a labor organizer and CCP member who led the 1922 seamen's strike and 1925 Canton–Hong Kong strike.
Republican period through Sino-Japanese war
Early Republican era and establishment of Zhongshan County
Qing rule ended in Xiangshan on November 6, 1911 during the Xinhai Revolution. Banditry and piracy was rife throughout Zhuhai's villages and islands in the subsequent Warlord Era. The Portuguese made numerous attempts to take advantage of early Republican China's instability and expand Macau's territory further into Zhuhai, leading to violent border disputes. Tensions between Macau and the Nationalist government reached a head following the May 29th Incident in 1922; Chinese forces were stationed at Qianshan and the waters surrounding Macau until the crisis subsided after Chen Jiongming's coup against Sun Yat-sen on June 15. During the 1925 Canton–Hong Kong strike, merchants and farmers in Zhuhai assisted in blockading Macau at Qianshan between June 1925 and October 1926.
Under the First United Front between the KMT and CCP, the Central Committee of the Kuomintang ordered the Peasant's Department and its associated Peasant Movement Training Institute in 1924 to cultivate the peasant movement against landlords in Xiangshan. Peasant associations, which consisted of grassroots militias and governing organizations, were first formed in Zhuhai at Shangzha in December 1925. This coincided with Ye Jianying's establishment of a National Revolutionary Army (NRA) regiment in Xiangzhou under orders from Sun Yat-sen and Liao Zhongkai; per Liao's instructions, part of the regiment assisted in the growth of the area's peasant movement. In reaction to the peasant movement, local landlords and right-wing members of the NRA staged a violent mutiny against suspected left-wing members of the Xiangzhou regiment on April 26, 1925, resulting in the death of 27 officers and soldiers. Ye successfully quelled the mutiny on April 27 and built a memorial cemetery for the soldiers that died during the revolt; it is known today as the Xiangzhou Martyr's Cemetery and has been designated a protected landmark. Following the Shanghai massacre of CCP members in April 1927, forces allied with the KMT's right wing successfully suppressed Zhuhai's peasant organizations by executing or imprisoning its leaders and militiamen.
200px|thumb|alt=Undated photograph by [[Foo Ping-sheung of Tang Shaoyi, Sun Fo, and two others at present-day Gongle Garden|Undated photograph by Foo Ping-sheung of Tang Shaoyi, Sun Fo, and two others at present-day Gongle Garden]]
After Sun Yat-sen passed away in 1925, Xiangshan County was renamed to Zhongshan in his honor. In 1929, Zhongshan was designated by the Nationalist government as a "model county" within their larger modernization efforts during the Nanjing decade, entitling Zhongshan to state support via tax exemptions and financial assistance. Modernization initiatives under magistrates Tang Shaoyi between 1930 and 1934 and Yang Ziyi between 1935 and 1937 resulted in the completion of multiple infrastructure projects and the reform of public services, including law enforcement and public health programs per the prescriptions of the New Life Movement. These plans originally proposed the development of Tangjiawan, Zhongshan's seat of government between 1930 and 1934, into a commercial port that would compete with Hong Kong; they were ultimately aborted due to prohibitive costs and insufficient support from the central government. Political instability, including that instigated by warlord Chen Jitang during his consolidation of power in Guangdong, further disrupted Tangjiawan's development. Several sites in Zhuhai from this period, including Gongle Garden on Tang's former estate, have been retained and preserved.
Japanese invasion and occupation
200px|thumb|alt=Image of Chinese troops after a successful raid on Japan's Sanzao position in April 1938|Image of Chinese troops after a successful raid on Japan's Sanzao position in April 1938
Japanese forces established a presence in Zhuhai from the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in July 1937, docking warships from the 5th Fleet along the coast and launching air raids throughout the region. Chinese soldiers and civilian militias successfully resisted several Japanese incursions. The Imperial Japanese Army then ordered the construction of an airbase at Sanzao Island on December 3, 1938, which they occupied from February following a brief withdrawal.
200px|thumb|alt=Former station for comfort women on Sanzao|Former station for comfort women on Sanzao
Between April 12 and 14, as a part of scorched earth "mopping up" operations, Japanese troops began massacring civilians and burning villages throughout the northern part of Sanzao; evidence suggests that more than 2,000 residents were killed. Further mass killings by the Japanese during their occupation resulted in 2,891 more deaths, and starvation and famine that occurred after surviving residents were forced from their homes killed around 3,500. Of Sanzao's pre-war population of 12,000, only 1,800 remained by June 1938; any that were not killed in the massacres or subsequent starvations had escaped the island. Around 1,000 refugees that had fled to Macau relocated to the Ying Hang camp in Wanzai in 1939.
Survivors were made to perform forced labor to construct the Japanese airbase; labor from Japan's other occupied territories was imported to accelerate the base's completion. The Japanese also established 2 schools, the first being for Japanese immigrants brought to colonize the island, and the second, called Zhengbiao, for locals; students of Zhengbiao were forced to learn Japanese and display loyalty to Japan. Stations for comfort women were also set up around Sanzao with locals as well as women from other Japanese colonies. Rape and sexual violence against Sanzao women continued throughout the rest of the occupation.
More than 6,000 Japanese were stationed on Sanzao by the end of September 1938, and the airbase served as an important position in Japanese attacks throughout South China. Japan's position in Sanzao also enabled it to repress Zhuhai's remaining Chinese resistance, and by March 1940 Zhuhai was fully under Japanese control; CCP guerilla units continued to engage with Japanese occupiers in the region's mountainous rural areas and islands.
200px|thumb|alt=Remains of victims of the massacres at Sanzao in 1946. These were collected by survivors after the war's end and eventually interred at the 1948 memorial|Remains of victims of the Sanzao massacre in 1946. These were collected by survivors after the war's end and eventually interred at the 1948 memorial
After the war, survivors and overseas Chinese funded and constructed a memorial to the victims of Sanzao in 1948, which has since been relocated and designated as a protected cultural site since 1983. Buildings from the former airbase have been preserved and dedicated as historical landmarks. Academic research beginning in the 1990s, which has included interviews with eyewitnesses, has also heightened public understanding of the atrocities committed by the Japanese military at Sanzao.
Establishment of Zhuhai through Cultural Revolution
In the final months of the Chinese Civil War, the CCP took control of Zhuhai between October 1949 and August 1950, with the Wanshan Archipelago Campaign forcing the KMT from the region. Southwestern Zhongshan and the archipelago around Hong Kong were first designated as "Zhuhai County" in 1952. Further administrative merges and separations occurred between Zhuhai and Zhongshan during the 1950s and 1960s.
With the inception of the CCP's first five-year plan in 1953, Zhuhai's fisheries, many of which were operated by the historically oppressed Tanka people, and farms were collectivized into cooperatives. These were negatively impacted by the Great Leap Forward's subsequent emphasis on steel production and industrialization, which led to food shortages and the emigration of many of Zhuhai's farmers and fishermen to Macau and Hong Kong. The policies of the Land Reform Movement confiscated the property of Zhuhai's many overseas Chinese landlords and families; those with connections to overseas Chinese communities were persecuted.
During the 1960s and through the Cultural Revolution, the CCP considered Zhuhai part of the "frontline of class struggle" as a coastal region adjacent to Macau. This was reflected in its designation as a "border defense area" in 1961 and the establishment of anti-emigration and "anti-sabotage" campaigns in 1962. By 1968, upheavals induced by the Cultural Revolution had undermined Zhuhai's governance structures and economy, leading to a general breakdown in social order. Watchtowers were built around Zhuhai during this period to prevent emigration to Macau and Hong Kong. Strict controls over commerce between Zhuhai and Macau led to a decline in business activity until reforms in 1973 relaxed some restrictions and increased trade.
Foundation of special economic zone and modern development
Zhuhai was elevated to city status in 1979; Doumen County was put under its jurisdiction in 1983. As a part of Deng Xiaoping's reforms, Zhuhai became one China's first special economic zones (SEZs) in 1980. This enabled a period of significant economic growth and industrialization; between 1980 and 1984, Zhuhai grew at an average annual rate of 34%, representing a tripling in the size of its economy. These developments attracted significant migration from neighboring provinces. Zhuhai was envisioned by officials to be well positioned for economic cooperation with Macau; infrastructure development was also prioritized. The 1980s also saw Zhuhai become the location of China's first ATM machine, which was installed by the Bank of China in 1987; the Bank of China had earlier launched its first credit card in Zhuhai in 1985. After its annual GDP growth peaked at 68.7% in 1984, Zhuhai began to lag behind other SEZ such as Shenzhen due to factors including a relative lack of logistics infrastructure, its distance from Hong Kong, and underwhelming investment from Macau. This caused some firms to begin leaving the SEZ by the mid-1990s. By the 1990s, Zhuhai's second mayor, Liang Guangda, had reoriented policy towards green growth partially inspired by Singapore's approach to urban planning; regulations introduced as a part of this initiative banned heavy industry, instituted environmental conservation, and promoted green urbanism. In recognition of its efforts towards sustainable development, Zhuhai was awarded the Dubai International Award for Best Practices by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 1998.
200px|thumb|alt=Zhuhai section of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge. The longest sea-crossing bridge in the world, it was completed in February 2018 |Zhuhai section of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge. The longest sea-crossing bridge in the world, it was completed in February 2018
In the 21st century, Zhuhai has received heavy investment under the central government's plans to integrate the Pearl River Delta metropolitan region, most notably via the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge. The Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin has also been subject to significant attention from high-level officials, including Xi Jinping, as a site for further economic and political integration between Macau and Mainland China.
Population
The population of Zhuhai has experienced steady growth from 2014 to 2023. In 2014, the city's population was approximately 1.51 million, which increased to about 2.49 million by the end of 2023.
- 2014: 1.51 million
- 2015: 1.54 million
- 2016: 1.57 million
- 2017: 1.60 million
- 2018: 1.64 million
- 2019: 1.67 million
- 2020: 2.44 million
- 2021: 2.47 million
- 2022: 2.48 million
- 2023: 2.49 million
Geography
Zhuhai borders the Macau Special Administrative Region (north and west), and is southwest of Guangzhou. Its territory has of coastline and 217 islands, of which 147 are over 500 square metres in area.
The islands within the prefecture-level city of Zhuhai include a number of near-shore islands, often connected to the mainland by bridges or causeways (such as Hengqin, Qi'ao, or Yeli Islands), as well as some islands in the open South China Sea (the Wanshan Archipelago). Some of the latter are actually geographically closer to Hong Kong than to the Zhuhai mainland. The jurisdiction of Nei Lingding Island, located in the Pearl River estuary was transferred from Zhuhai to Shenzhen in 2009.
Climate
Despite being located within the tropics, Zhuhai has a humid subtropical climate affected by the East Asian Monsoon (Koppen classification Cwa) and moderated by the South China Sea, with long, hot and humid summers with frequent thunderstorms, and short, mild and dry winters. Average highs in January and July are respectively. Snowfalls are unknown and a frost has never been recorded in the city centre. Conversely, extreme heat waves do not occur as they do further inland.
Economy
In 1980, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) announced that the city of Zhuhai would be one of four special economic zones. Those doing business in the SEZ are eligible for a range of incentives provided by the PRC. Zhuhai became a city in 1979, a year before it was designated as one of the first Special Economic Zones of China (SEZ). Similarly to neighbouring Shenzhen, which became the first Special Economic Zone of China in 1978, the implementation of Zhuhai as an SEZ was largely due to its strategic position adjacent to Macau, a capitalist trading center similar to Shenzhen's position with Hong Kong.
The establishment of Zhuhai as an SEZ allowed the Chinese Central Government and economy to have easier access to the Macau and consequently, global market. As a result, Zhuhai is now a major city in the Pearl River Delta region according to the new general urban plan approved by the State Council. The implementation of Special Economy Zone intended for the city to become a key port city, science and education city, scenic and tourism city, and as a regional hub for transportation.
The outstanding geographic location, a wide range of supporting infrastructure and a deep-water port serve as a major attraction for foreign capital. Used foreign investment reached US$10.344 billion in 2008. Among the top 500 enterprises worldwide, 19 of them have investment projects in Zhuhai such as ExxonMobil, BP, Siemens, Carrefour and Matsushita.
Manufacturing industries
thumb|[[Meizu]]
Industrial development in Zhuhai focuses on five new high-tech and heavy industries including electronics, computer software, biotechnology and pharmacy, machinery and equipment as well as petrochemical industries. Aiming to strengthen the existing industrial base as well as to provide a better environment for the development of new high-tech industries, the local government has taken the initiative in developing five economic zones:
Zhuhai High-Tech Industrial Development Zone
As one of the four earliest Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in China, Zhuhai SEZ was set up in the year 1980 and granted with a local legislative right. Zhuhai hi-tech zone is located in the north of Zhuhai, which is very close to downtown. Furthermore, technological resources are centralised in this zone. There is also a huge development in hi-tech industries led by the software and IC industries. The hi-tech zone is the showcase for Zhuhai's scientific development. Meizu is one high tech product headquartered in Zhuhai.
Zhuhai Free Trade Zone
Zhuhai Free Trade Zone (Zhuhai FTZ) was founded in 1996 with the State Council's approval, occupying . A Zhuhai FTZ Administrative Committee was set up in June 1997. By the end of 2006 there had been over 200 companies registered in the Free Trade Zone, including more than 150 foreign-funded enterprises, and the total investment amount was one billion US dollars. Industries encouraged in the zone include electronics assembly and manufacturing, telecommunications equipment, building/construction materials, instruments and industrial equipment production, medical equipment and supplies, raw material processing, research and development, shipping/warehousing/logistics, and heavy industry.
Wanshan ocean development testing zone
The Wanshan archipelago is located in one of the major fishing areas of China and is core to the Wanshan ocean development testing zone. However, Perna viridis, a species of green mussel, was found to be contaminated by HCHs, DDTs, and PCBs.
Hengqin economic development zone
In April 2023, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) has published for the Hengqin economic development zone a list of industries that are illegible for investment policies, including income tax benefits for workers. The stated aim of the investment policy is to integrate Macao with key industries in the Pearl River Delta.
Global printer consumables manufacturing centre
Zhuhai manufactured and supplied 70 per cent of the world's ribbons, 60 per cent of the world's aftermarket inkjet cartridges and 20 per cent of the world's third-party laser toner cartridges. Their combined sales were worth more than 1.3 billion US dollars or 10 per cent of all the sales in the world. Zhuhai owns a comprehensive supply chain and almost any of the raw materials needed by the printer consumables industry can be provided locally.
Administration
The prefecture-level city of Zhuhai administers three county-level divisions and four special economic districts, all of which are districts.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="12" |Administrative divisions of Zhuhai
|-
| colspan="12" style="font-size:larger" |<div style="position: relative" class="center">
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Division code
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | English name
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Chinese
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Pinyin
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Area in km<sup>2</sup>
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Population 2010
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Seat
!! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Postal code
!! scope="col" colspan=4 | Divisions
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | Subdistricts
!! scope="col" width="45" | Towns
!! scope="col" width="45" | Residential communities
!! scope="col" width="45" | Administrative villages
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 440400 !! Zhuhai City
|
|| Zhūhǎi Shì || 1724.32 || 1,562,530 || Xiangzhou District || 519000 || 10 || 15 || 189 || 122
|-
! 440402 !! Xiangzhou District *
||| Xiāngzhōu Qū || 550.84 || 892,685 || Meihua Subdistrict|| 519000 || 9 || 6 || 141 || 7
|-
! 440403 !! Doumen District
||| Dǒumén Qū || 613.88 || 415,882 || Jing'an Town|| 519100 || 1 || 5 || 23 || 101
|-
! 440404 !! Jinwan District *
||| Jīnwān Qū || 559.60 || 253,963 || Hongqi Town|| 519100 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 4 || 25 || 14
|- style = "background:lightgrey; height: 2pt"
| colspan = "12" |
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
! Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin
||| Héngqín Yuèào Shēndù Hézuòqū || 106.46 ||bgcolor="grey"| || Hengqin Town || 519030 ||bgcolor="grey" colspan="4"|
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
! Wanshan Marine<br/>Development Experimental Zone
||| Wànshān Hǎiyáng Kāifā Shìyànqū || 80.00 ||bgcolor="grey"| || Wanshan Town || 519000 ||bgcolor="grey" colspan="4"|
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
! Zhuhai National Hi-Tech<br/>Industrial Development District
||| Zhūhǎi Guójiā Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū || 130.00 ||bgcolor="grey"| || Tangjiawan Town|| 519080 ||bgcolor="grey" colspan="4"|
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
! Zhuhai Gaolanggang<br/>Port Economic Zone
||| Zhūhǎi Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū || 380.00 ||bgcolor="grey"| || Nanshui Town|| 519050 ||bgcolor="grey" colspan="4"|
|-
|colspan="12"|
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> — The stats includes the subordinated zones.
:All zones are management areas; not administrative divisions registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> – Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin, Wanshan Marine Zone, and Hi-Tech Industrial Development District are subordinate to Xiangzhou
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> – Port Economic Zone are subordinate to Jinwan
|}
upright=4|thumb|center|Jida panorama from Shijing mountain ()
Transportation
thumb|[[Zhuhai Jinwan Airport]]
thumb|Gongbei Port
thumb|Zhuhai Railway Station
Airports
- Zhuhai Jinwan Airport , formerly Zhuhai Sanzao Airport, an international airport connecting all provincial capital cities in Mainland China (except Xining and Lhasa) and many other major cities, hosting an annual air show and an exhibition hall, with Chinese space rockets located in Jinwan District.
- (), verbally "Jiuzhou Heliport ()") , is located in Xiangzhou district, near the Jiuzhou harbour, and has short plane runway and a helipad. Its place inside Jiuzhou inner district, permits quick transport of injured people from surrounding islands to the city hospitals. China Southern Airlines offer sightseeing flights and charters to drilling stations in South China Sea using Sikorsky S-76 helicopters via this airport as well. They used to fly to Guangzhou Baiyun Airport from this airport using Cessna C208 Caravan as well, but the route was discontinued.
Zhuhai also is served by airports outside:
- Macau International Airport , which is closer to the city of Zhuhai proper, than Zhuhai Jinwan Airport itself, has an "Express Link" service in which transiting passengers who go through Gongbei Port of Entry/Posto Fronteiriço das Portas do Cerco are not processed through Macau customs; passengers may also have their baggage taken from Macau Airport to Lotus Bridge in Hengqin Island.
- Hong Kong International Airport ; ticketed passengers can take ferries from the Zhuhai Ferry Terminal to the HKIA Skypier. Since its inauguration in September 2018, Zhuhai residents can also reach HKG via Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge.
Zhuhai residents may also use Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport and travel there by bus or ferry.
Railway
Zhuhai Railway Station is located at the western end of Gongbei Port of Entry and Portas do Cerco at the border of Zhuhai and Macau. There are frequent high speed trains to Guangzhou, Guilin, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other main cities in China. The intercity railway between Zhuhai Gongbei and Zhuhai Jinwan International Airport is under construction. It is expected to be opened to Hengqin in November 2019, and the whole project will be completed in 2024. It will take only 30 minutes to commute from urban district to the airport using the completed line.
Zhuhai had a tram line between 2017 and 2021. The trams ceased running in January 2021 due to frequent power issues and low patronage, and the tracks were finally removed in 2024.
Sea
Zhuhai is known for its good climate and good air quality. Endowed with a long coastline, it is the only city on the western Pearl River Delta with natural deep-water ports.
Zhuhai has two international seaports: Jiuzhou () and Gaolan (). Gaolan Port is one of the leading ports in Guangdong province, while Jiuzhou Port focuses on heavy passenger sea transport.
Chu Kong Passenger Transport operates a ferry service between Zhuhai's Jiuzhou Port, Hong Kong and Shekou Passenger Terminal, in the Nanshan District of Shenzhen. A service between Jiuzhou Port and Hong Kong International Airport for air passengers using the airport began on 10 July 2007.
Road
Zhuhai is currently served by two major Chinese national expressways:
25px G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway
- The G94 Pearl River Delta Ring Expressway, which will form a beltway surrounding the Guangzhou metropolitan area when completed, currently connects Zhuhai to the Sanshui District of Foshan. In 2018 the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge opened, reducing the travel time by road from Zhuhai to Hong Kong in approximately 40 minutes. G94 was extended to follow this bridge, with sections currently under construction connecting the bridge to the Zhuhai-Foshan section.
25px G0425 Guangzhou–Macau Expressway
- A spur route of the mainline G4 Beijing–Hong Kong and Macau Expressway, G0425 directly links Guangzhou to Zhuhai (and thus, Macau). It has a concurrency with G94 for several kilometres. Heavy traffic between Zhuhai and Macau has led to the construction of a new cross-border corridor, the Lotus Bridge, built in November 1999 to divert traffic away from the congested Gongbei Port of Entry (Portas do Cerco). G0425 currently ends in Zhuhai at Zhuhai Avenue, pending an extension to the Lotus Bridge via Hengqin island.
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge
This bridge was first proposed by Gordon Wu and contemplated by stakeholders, municipal governments in the Pearl River Delta, the provincial government of Guangdong, and the central government of the People's Republic of China. Before the government handover of Hong Kong, the British government also considered plans for a bridge. After 1997, the commercial interests of Hong Kong prompted the local government to consider the plans as well.
On 24 October 2018, the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge (HZMB) was opened. The bridge connects to Zhuhai via a small island of reclaimed land near the city's eastern coast, northeast of Macau.
Tourism
thumb|right|Xiangzhou fishing harbour, with the forested Yeli Island in the horizon
Zhuhai and the surrounding landscapes were developed into an industrial output zone in the 1980s. Prior to that, Zhuhai generated economic development on the basis of tourism, benefiting from the comfortable subtropical climate. Zhuhai enjoys the reputation of a coastal garden city. When environmental pollution from the manufacturing industries threatened the quality of life, Zhuhai introduced strict environmental laws and hired engineers from Singapore to assist the city with urban planning.
thumb|[[Jintai Temple in Doumen, a tourist attraction rebuilt in the 1990s on the site of a historical temple complex.]]
Realizing the benefits brought by tourism, the local government is expanding tourist destinations and is developing new spots such as Hengqin, Dong'ao (), Hebao, Qi'ao and Yeli ().
Exhibitions and conferences
Zhuhai hosts the China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition biannually in November. It is the largest air show in China and a huge tourist attraction.
New Yuan Ming Palace
The New Yuanming Palace () is a park of , including an lake. It features a partial reconstruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing which was destroyed during the Second Opium War and was never rebuilt on its original site.
Coast of Xianglu Bay—Fisher Girl Statue
thumb|right|[[Zhuhai Fisher Girl in Xianglu Bay]]
The coast of Xianglu Bay is considered the "symbol" of Zhuhai, offering a scenic view of Pearl River Delta with silt-rich water, rocks, and a beach. The famous landmark of the city, Zhuhai Fisher Girl, stands on a boulder in Xianglu Bay; the statue is draped by a fishnet and holds a pearl high in the air with both hands up to the sky, symbolising a vigorous and lively Zhuhai welcoming visitors from all over the world. It was erected in 1982 by Pan He, a professor from the Guangzhou Academy of Fine Arts, and is tall and composed of 70 pieces of granite. Visitors can view the statue up close from a boardwalk on the shore. The statue was based on a local legend, in which the daughter of the celestial Dragon King visited the Pearl River delta, became a fisherwoman, and married a mortal.
Education
Colleges and universities
- Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus
- Sun Yat-Sen University Zhuhai Campus
- Jinan University Zhuhai Campus
- Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus
- Zhuhai College of Science and Technology
- University of Macau (under the jurisdiction of Macau SAR government)
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College
- Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai
- Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Technology Zhuhai Campus
- Zhuhai Art College
- Zhuhai City Polytechnic
- Zhuhai Gree Polytechnic
A number of other colleges and universities are also located in or near Zhuhai. Beijing Normal University Zhuhai Campus was created as a new model university. Besides its high quality of education, it is more internationally oriented than many universities in China. Many students here prepare to go abroad to finish their junior and senior years.
Primary and secondary education
Despite the shortage of higher education, Zhuhai government has been paying a lot of attention to primary and secondary education. Since the autumn of 2007, students with local household registration are provided with twelve years of free education through primary and secondary school.
As a result, there are many famous high schools in Zhuhai. Zhuhai No.1 High School (ZH1Z) is one of the most competitive high schools in Guangdong Province, and also a member of the Guangdong "Six Schools Union".
Dulwich International High School Zhuhai, QSI International School of Zhuhai, and Zhuhai International School serve expatriates and/or use foreign educational systems.
Supplementary schools
is a supplementary school for overseas Japanese in Zhuhai. It holds classes at QSI School.
Sports facilities
Zhuhai is the first city in China to have constructed a motor racing circuit. The Zhuhai International Circuit was built in 1996 and is located at Jinding, near the border to Zhongshan. ZIC has held the BPR Global GT Endurance Series in 1996, the FIA GT Championship in 1997, 1999, 2004 and 2005. It hosted the championship's 2007 opening round on 24 and 25 March. ZIC had planned to host a round of the Champ Car World Series on 20 May 2007, but agreement was not reached. ZIC held an A1GP race in 2007 for the first time in series' history. ZIC became the first venue in China to host the Intercontinental Le Mans Cup on 7 November 2010 when the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai was staged.
Zhuhai has also a new tennis center which hosts WTA Elite Trophy, the last tournament of the year for players that are in the top 20 but did not qualify to WTA Finals.
There is the Zhuhai Stadium that is used for football matches.
Notable people
Notable people
- Rong Hong (1828–1912), first Chinese student to graduate from a western university
- Huang Kuan (1828–1878), first Chinese person to study in Europe
- Tang Tingshu (1832–1892), general manager of China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company
- Tang Shaoyi (1862–1938), first Premier of the Republic of China
- Su Zhaozheng (1885–1929), early phase leader of the Chinese Communist Party
- (1887–1927), leader of labour movement, member of the Chinese Communist Party
- Yang Pao'an (1896–1931), early phase leader of the Chinese Communist Party
- Rong Guotuan (1937–1968), first Chinese world champion in table tennis.
- Dong Mingzhu (1954–), chairperson of Gree Electric
- Zhang Lianwei (1965–), Chinese professional golfer
- Yi Siling (1989–), Chinese sport shooter, Champion of Women's 10 metre air rifle at London 2012 Olympics
- Hon Chio Leong (2001–), Macanese racing driver and two-time Macau Grand Prix champion
Mayors and CPC Committee Secretaries
Mayors
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Names !! In office !! Life–death
|-
| Wu Jianmin|| January 1979 – June 1984 || 1921–2015
|-
| Liang Guangda|| June 1984 – October 1995 || 1935–
|-
| Huang Longyun || October 1995 – October 2000 || 1951–
|-
| Fang Xuan|| October 2000 – August 2002 || 1954–
|-
| Wang Shunsheng|| August 2002 – January 2007 || 1949–
|-
| Zhong Shijian || January 2007 – October 2011 || 1956–
|-
| He Ningka|| October 2011 – January 2015 || 1959–
|-
| Jiang Ling|| January 2015 – January 2016 || 1964–
|-
| Vacant || January 2016 – May 2016 || N/A
|-
| Zheng Renhao || April 2016 – March 2017 || 1968–
|-
| Li Zezhong|| March 2017 – September 2017 || 1970–
|-
| Yao Yisheng|| September 2017 – May 2021 || 1965–
|-
| Huang Zhihao || May 2021 – December 2024 || 1970–
|-
| Wu Zetong || December 2024 - || 1980 –
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | Sources:
|}
CPC Committee Secretaries
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Names !! In office !! Life–death
|-
| Wu Jianmin || January 1979 – February 1984 || 1921–2015
|-
| Fang Bao|| February 1984 – January 1987 || 1931–
|-
| Liang Guangda || January 1987 – September 1998 || 1935–
|-
| Huang Longyun || October 1998 – August 2002 || 1951–
|-
| Fang Xuan || August 2002 – August 2005 || 1954–
|-
| Deng Weilong|| August 2005 – March 2008 || 1950–
|-
| Gan Lin || March 2008 – February 2012 || 1963–
|-
| Li Jia || February 2012 – March 2016 || 1964–
|-
| Guo Yuanqiang || March 2016 – January 2018 || 1965–
|-
| Guo Yonghang|| February 2018 – November 2021 || 1965–
|-
| Lü Yuyin || November 2021 – June 2023 || 1970–
|-
| Vancant || June 2023 – September 2023 || N/A
|-
| Chen Yong || September 2023 – || 1974–
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Sources:
|}
Sister cities
- Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- Atami, Japan
- Braunschweig, Germany
- Castelo Branco, Portugal
- Gold Coast, Australia
- Gwadar District, Pakistan
- Halifax, Canada
- Luganville, Vanuatu
- Providence, United States
- Redwood City, United States
- La Spezia, Italy
- Surrey, Canada
- Vitória, Brazil
- Zhukovsky, Russia
See also
- Hengqin, an offshore island administered by Zhuhai
- Wanshan Qundao, 104 island archipelago in the South China Sea
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
- Official government website;
- Website of Guangdong-Macao In-Depth Cooperation Zone in Hengqin;