The yellow-bellied elaenia (Elaenia flavogaster) is a small bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Mexico, in every Central American country, in every mainland South American country except Chile, on Trinidad and Tobago, and on several islands in the Lesser Antilles.

Taxomomy and systematics

The yellow-bellied elaenia was formally described in 1822 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg under the binomial name Pipra flavogaster. The type locality is Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. The yellow-bellied elaenia is now one of 22 species placed in the genus Elaenia that was introduced in 1836 by Carl Jakob Sundevall. The specific epithet flavogaster combines the Latin flavus meaning "yellow" or "golden-yellow" with gaster meaning "belly".

Four subspecies are recognised:

Description

thumb|left|Yellow-bellied elaenia in [[Antón, Panama]]

The yellow-bellied elaenia is long and weighs . It is medium-sized, has a small head, and a bushy crest. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies E. f. flavogaster have a brownish olive crown with a partially concealed white stripe in the middle of the crest. They have whitish lores and a faint whitish eyering on an otherwise pale brownish olive face. Their upperparts are brownish olive. Their wings are slightly duskier than the back with yellowish white edges on the flight feathers and tips on the coverts; the latter show as two wing bars. Their tail is also slightly duskier than the back. Their throat is pale gray, their breast olive gray, and their belly yellow to pale yellow to whitish.

Subspecies E. f. subpagana has browner olive upperparts and yellower underparts than the nominate. E. f. pallididorsalis is overall grayer and has slightly greener upperparts than the nominate. E. f. semipagana is paler overall than the nominate, with a grayer face, less white on the crest, a whiter throat, and a paler belly. Both sexes of all subspecies have a dark brown iris, a black bill with a paler base to the mandible, and black legs and feet.

Distribution and habitat

The subspecies of the yellow-bellied elaenia are found thus:

  • E. f. subpagana: from southern Veracruz and the Yucatán Peninsula in southeastern Mexico south through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua into Costa Rica; also on Isla Mujeres off Quintana Roo, Mexico, and Coiba Island, Panama
  • E. f. pallididorsalis: Panama and adjacent islands except Coiba
  • E. f. flavogaster: the northern half of Colombia; most of Venezuela including Margarita and Patos islands; Trinidad; Tobago; St. Vincent, the Grenadines, and Grenada in the Lesser Antilles; the Guianas; Brazil except western and central Amazonas; southeastern Peru; the northern half of Bolivia; eastern Paraguay; and northeastern and northwestern Argentina (and also as a vagrant to Uruguay

Breeding

The yellow-bellied elaenia's breeding season varies geographically, but with most of them being within the span of February to September. Breeding activity has been noted on Trinidad and Tobago in November and December though most breeding there occurs between April and June. Its nest is a cup made of moss and grass with lichens and bark on the outside and lined with feathers. It is typically placed in a fork of a small branch. The usual clutch is two eggs though clutches of one and three have been noted. The eggs are pinkish white with chestnut and gray markings. The female alone incubates the clutch. The incubation period is about 16 days and fledging occurs 15 to 17 days after hatch. Both parents provision nestlings.

Vocalization

The yellow-bellied elaenia's dawn song has been rendered as "trr-dyeéuw, trr-trreeenh-weeeuw" or "we-do, we-do".