thumbnail|Yang Kaihui with her children.
Yang Kaihui (; courtesy name: Yunjin ; 6 November 1901 – 14 November 1930) was the second wife of Mao Zedong, whom he married in 1920. She had three children with him: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing and Mao Anlong. Her father was Yang Changji, the head of the Hunan First Normal School and one of Mao's favorite teachers. She was a distant cousin to Yang Youlin, another instrumental member of the Chinese Communist Party.
Early life
Yang Kaihui was born in the small village of Bancang in Changsha, Hunan Province, on 6 November 1901. Her name meant "Opening Wisdom", although she came to be nicknamed Xia, meaning "Little Dawn." Her father was Yang Changji, a teacher and leftist intellectual, her mother was Xiang Zhenxi, while she had a brother three years older than her, Yang Kaizhi. Through his teaching of ethics at the First Normal School of Changsha, Changji had become a father figure to a pupil named Mao Zedong, later writing in his journal that "it is truly difficult to imagine someone so intelligent and handsome" as him. A friendship developing, in summer 1916, Mao was invited to spend several days at Yang's Bancang home, walking twenty miles in straw sandals in order to get there. On this occasion, he did not talk to either Zhenxi or Kaizhi, instead bowing his head to them as a mark of respect.
Yang Changji gained a professorship at Peking University and had moved his family to the city when Mao came to Peking in September 1918 with several like-minded friends from Hunan. Upon arrival, they stayed in the Yangs' small house in the north of the city. Here, Mao met Kaihui again, and the two discovered a mutual attraction. A friend who knew Kaihui at the time described her as "small in stature and round-faced, with deep-set eyes and pale white skin", and her appearance impressed both Mao and his friends. Kaihui later related that she had "fallen madly in love with him already when I heard about his numerous accomplishments" but did not make her feelings immediately known. She kept "hoping and dreaming" that he shared her feelings and decided that she would never marry anyone but him.
Their relationship did not develop swiftly, as Mao was shy and lacked sufficient funds to court her, living in cramped rented accommodation with other Hunanese students in Peking's Three-Eyed Well district. Changji secured Mao a job at the university library as assistant to the librarian Li Dazhao, an early Chinese communist.
In January 1920, Yang Changji died. Mao was in Peking ostensibly on business, though biographer Stuart Schram suspected his presence was partly due to his desire to comfort Kaihui. Yang Kaihui and her mother returned to Changsha with her father's remains, At the missionary school, her exposure to revolutionary ideas got her labeled a 'rebel', who refused to pray and cut her hair short in defiance of convention. Following the overthrow of Hunanese warlord Zhang Jingyao by generals favourable to Mao, he returned to Changsha in July 1920. The Communists would lead union organizing efforts among male workers while simultaneously working in nearby peasant communities on women's rights issues, including literacy for women. Her children with Mao Zedong were effectively orphaned, and were rediscovered years later.
Influence of Yang Kaihui's death on Mao
Although he would have relationships with other women, Mao mourned Kaihui for the rest of his life.
In summer 1937, he conversed with the American reporter Agnes Smedley, reciting to her a poem that he had written in memory of Kaihui.
In spring 1957, Li Shuyi, a friend and comrade of Mao and Yang's, wrote a poem in memory of her own husband, Liu Chih-hsün, a member of the Red Army who had been killed in 1933. Sending her poem to Mao, he responded by composing his own poem commemorating both Liu and Kaihui, titled "The Immortals", which he would subsequently publish:
{|
! Original Chinese
! Pinyin
! Schram's English Translation
! Barnstone's English Translation
|-
| style="padding-right: 0.5em;"|<poem lang="zh-hans">
我失骄杨君失柳
杨柳轻扬直上重霄九
问讯吴刚何所有
吴刚捧出桂花酒
寂寞嫦娥舒广袖
万里长空且为忠魂舞
忽报人间曾伏虎
泪飞顿作倾盆雨</poem>
| style="padding-right: 0.5em;"|<poem lang="zh-latn">
Wǒ shī jiāo yáng jūn shī liǔ
Yáng liǔ qīng yáng zhí shàng chóng xiāo jiǔ
Wèn xùn wú gāng hé suǒ yǒu
Wú gāng pěng chū guì huā jiǔ
Jì mò cháng'é shū guǎng xiù
Wàn lǐ cháng kōng qiě wèi zhōng hún wǔ
Hū bào rén jiān céng fú hǔ
Lèi fēi dùn zuò qīng pén yǔ
</poem>
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;"|<poem>
I lost my proud poplar, and you your willow,
Poplar and willow soar lightly to the heaven of heavens.
Wu Kang, asked what he has to offer,
Presents them respectfully with cassia wine.
The lonely goddess in the moon spreads her ample sleeves
To dance for these faithful souls in the endless sky.
Of a sudden comes word of the tiger's defeat on earth,
And they break into tears of torrential rain.</poem>
| style="padding-right: 0.5em;"|<poem>
I lost my proud poplar and you your willow.
As poplar and willow they soar straight up into the ninth heaven
and ask the prisoner of the moon, Wu Gang, what is there.
He offers them wine from the cassia tree.
The lonely lady on the moon, Chang E, spreads her vast sleeves
and dances for these good souls in the unending sky.
Down on earth a sudden report of the tiger's defeat.
Tears fly down from a great upturned bowl of rain.</poem>
|}
The allusion to poplar trees is a reference to Yang, whose surname meant "poplar", while that to willows alludes to Liu's surname, which meant "willow".
Poetry
Yang wrote poems to express her loneliness and her longing for Mao. One of them, "偶感 [Ǒu Gǎn]" ("Occasional Feeling"), was written in October 1928, two years before her death, and discovered when her former residence was being repaired about 50 years later:
{|
! Original Chinese
! Pinyin
! English Translation
|-
| style="padding-right: 0.5em;"|<poem>天阴起溯风，浓寒入肌骨。
念兹远行人，平波突起伏。
足疾可否痊？寒衣是否备？
孤眠谁爱护，是否亦凄苦？
书信不可通，欲问无人语。
恨无双飞翮，飞去见兹人。
兹人不得见，惘怅无已时。</poem>
| style="padding-right: 0.5em;"|<poem>
Tiān yīn qǐ sù fēng, nóng hán rù jī gǔ.
Niàn zī yuǎn xíng rén, píng bō tú qǐfú.
Zú jí kě fǒu quán? Hán yī shì fǒu bèi?
Gū mián shuí ài hù, shì fǒu yì qī kǔ?
Shū xìn bù kě tōng, yù wèn wú rén yǔ.
Hèn wú shuāng fēi hé, fēi qù jiàn zī rén.
Zī rén bùdé jiàn, wǎng chàng wú yǐ shí.
</poem>
| style="padding-left: 0.5em;"|<poem>It is cloudy and very windy; the severe coldness invades my body.
Miss you in the long distance; my feeling goes up and down suddenly.
Is the illness on your feet cured? Are clothes defending against coldness enough?
Sleep alone without any cares and loves; maybe I am also arduous and have tasted too many hardships.
No letters could reach to you and nobody could be asked.
Regret that I have no wings, or I could fly to you.
Couldn’t see you, the time that I take companion with sadness and depression would never come to an end.</poem>
|}<!-- translated by Hongmu in June 4, 2011, fixed by Hajiru in August 23, 2011 -->
Movie and television portrayals
Films
Since the Centennial of the Xinhai Revolution, she has been portrayed by various actresses in several red-themed historical drama movies and television series.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film
|-
! Year !! | Actress !! Title
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| Zhou Dongyu
|'
|-
|2017
|Zhao Hanyingzi
|Autumn Harvest Uprising
|-
|2023
|Zhang Huiwen
|Bloody Glory
|-
|}
References
Citations
Sources
- Verity Wilson, "Dressing for Leadership in China: Wives and Husbands in an Age of Revolutions (1911-1976)", Gender & History, vol. 14, no. 3 (November 2002), pp. 608–628.