The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at University College London. It is designed to unify the individual-language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in the 1993 version of International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The result is a SAMPA-inspired remapping of the IPA into 7-bit ASCII.
SAMPA was devised as a hack to work around the inability of text encodings to represent IPA symbols. Later, as Unicode support for IPA symbols became more widespread, the necessity for a separate, computer-readable system for representing the IPA in ASCII decreased. However, X-SAMPA is still useful as the basis for an input method for true IPA.
Summary
Notes
- The IPA symbols that are ordinary lower case letters have the same value in X-SAMPA as they do in the IPA.
- X-SAMPA uses backslashes as modifying suffixes to create new symbols. For example, <code>s</code> is a distinct sound from <code>s\</code>, which are phonologically related in many ways. Such use of the backslash character can be a problem, since many programs interpret it as an escape character for the character following it. For example, such X-SAMPA symbols do not work in EMU, so backslashes must be replaced with some other symbol (e.g., an asterisk: '*') when adding phonemic transcription to an EMU speech database. The backslash has no fixed meaning.
- X-SAMPA diacritics follow the symbols they modify. Except for <code>~</code> for nasalization, <code>=</code> for syllabicity, and <code>`</code> for retroflexion and rhotacization, diacritics are joined to the character with the underscore character <code>_</code>.
- The underscore character is also used to encode the IPA tiebar: <code>k_p</code> codes for .
- The numbers <code>_1</code> to <code>_6</code> are reserved diacritics as shorthand for language-specific tone numbers.
- The IETF language tags registry has assigned as the subtag for text transcribed in X-SAMPA.
Lower-case symbols
{| class="wikitable sortable skin-invert-image"
! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image!! Description !! Examples
|-
| <code></code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open front unrounded vowel || French <code></code>
|-
| <code></code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced bilabial plosive || English bed <code></code>, French <code></code>
|-
| <code>b_<</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced bilabial implosive || Sindhi [<code>b_<arU</code>]
|-
| <code>c</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless palatal plosive || Hungarian <code>["lQcQk]</code>
|-
| <code>d</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced alveolar plosive || English dig <code>[dIg]</code>, French <code>[dwa]</code>
|-
| <code>d`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced retroflex plosive || Swedish <code>[hu:d`]</code>
|-
| <code>d_<</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced alveolar implosive || Sindhi [<code>d_<arU</code>]
|-
| <code>e</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close-mid front unrounded vowel || French <code>[ble]</code>
|-
| <code>f</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless labiodental fricative || English five <code>[faIv]</code>, French <code>[fam]</code>
|-
| <code>g</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced velar plosive || English game <code>[geIm]</code>, French <code>[lO~g]</code>
|-
| <code>g_<</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced velar implosive || Sindhi [<code>g_<@ro</code>]
|-
| <code>h</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless glottal fricative || English house <code>[haUs]</code>
|-
| <code>h\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced glottal fricative || Czech <code>[h\rat]</code>
|-
| <code>i</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close front unrounded vowel || English be <code>[bi:]</code>, French <code>[wi]</code>, Spanish <code>[si]</code>
|-
| <code>j</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || palatal approximant || English yes <code>[jEs]</code>, French <code>[j2]</code>
|-
| <code>j\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced palatal fricative || Greek <code>[j\a]</code>
|-
| <code>k</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless velar plosive || English skip <code>[skIp]</code>, Spanish <code>["karo]</code>
|-
| <code>l</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar lateral approximant || English lay <code>[leI]</code>, French <code>[mal]</code>
|-
| <code>l`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || retroflex lateral approximant || Svealand Swedish <code>[so:l`]</code>
|-
| <code>l\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar lateral flap || Wayuu <code>[pM:l\MkM]</code>
|-
| <code>m</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || bilabial nasal || English mouse <code>[maUs]</code>, French <code>[Om]</code>
|-
| <code>n</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar nasal || English nap <code>[n{p]</code>, French <code>[nO~]</code>
|-
| <code>n`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || retroflex nasal || Swedish <code>[h2:n`]</code>
|-
| <code>o</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close-mid back rounded vowel || French <code>[vo]</code>
|-
| <code>p</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless bilabial plosive || English speak <code>[spik]</code>, French <code>[poz]</code>, Spanish <code>["pero]</code>
|-
| <code>p\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless bilabial fricative || Japanese <code>[p\M_0kM]</code>
|-
| <code>q</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless uvular plosive || Arabic <code>["qQs_Gba]</code>
|-
| <code>r</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar trill || Spanish <code>["pero]</code>
|-
| <code>r`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || retroflex flap || Bengali <code>[gar`i:]</code>
|-
| <code>r\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar approximant || English red <code>[r\Ed]</code>
|-
| <code>r\`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || retroflex approximant || Malayalam <code>["v@r\`i]</code>
|-
| <code>s</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless alveolar fricative || English seem <code>[si:m]</code>, French <code>[sE"sjO~]</code>
|-
| <code>s`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless retroflex fricative || Swedish <code>[mas`]</code>
|-
| <code>s\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative || Polish <code>[s\v'ers`ts`]</code>
|-
| <code>t</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless alveolar plosive || English stew <code>[stju:]</code>, French <code>[Ra"te]</code>
|-
| <code>t`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless retroflex plosive || Swedish <code>[m2t`]</code>
|-
| <code>u</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close back rounded vowel || English boom <code>[bu:m]</code>, Spanish <code>[su]</code>
|-
| <code>v</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced labiodental fricative || English vest <code>[vEst]</code>, French <code>[vwa]</code>
|-
| <code>v\</code> (or <code>P</code>) || || frameless|upright=0.1 || labiodental approximant || Dutch <code>[v\Est]</code>/<code>[PEst]</code>
|-
| <code>w</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || labial-velar approximant || English west <code>[wEst]</code>, French <code>[wi]</code>
|-
| <code>x</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless velar fricative || Scots <code>[lOx]</code> or <code>[5Ox]</code>; German , ; Spanish ,
|-
| <code>x\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless palatal-velar fricative || Swedish <code>[x\A:l]</code>
|-
| <code>y</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close front rounded vowel || French <code>[ty]</code> German <code>["y:b6]</code>
|-
| <code>z</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced alveolar fricative || English zoo <code>[zu:]</code>, French <code>[a"zOt]</code>
|-
| <code>z`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced retroflex fricative || Mandarin Chinese <code>[z`aN]</code>
|-
| <code>z\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced alveolo-palatal fricative || Polish <code>["z\rEbak]</code>
|}
Upper-case symbols
{| class="wikitable sortable skin-invert-image"
! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image !! Description !! Example
|-
| <code></code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open back unrounded vowel || English father [<code>"fA:D@</code>(<code>r\</code>)] (RP and Gen.Am.)
|-
| <code>B</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced bilabial fricative || Spanish <code>[la"Ba4]</code>
|-
| <code>B\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || bilabial trill || Medumba <code>[mB\}_H]</code>
|-
| <code>C</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless palatal fricative || German <code>[IC]</code>, English human <code>["Cjum@n]</code> (broad transcription uses [<code>hj</code>-])
|-
| <code>D</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced dental fricative || English then <code>[DEn]</code>
|-
| <code>E</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open-mid front unrounded vowel || French <code>[mE:m]</code>, English met <code>[mEt]</code> (RP and Gen.Am.)
|-
| <code>F</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || labiodental nasal || English emphasis <code>["EFf@sIs]</code> (spoken quickly, otherwise uses [<code>Emf</code>-])
|-
| <code>G</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced velar fricative || Greek <code>[Go"nia]</code>
|-
| <code>G\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced uvular plosive || Inuktitut <code>[niG\ivvik]</code>
|-
| <code>G\_<</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced uvular implosive || Mam [<code>G\_<a</code>]
|-
| <code>H</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || labial-palatal approximant || French <code>[Hit]</code>
|-
| <code>H\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless epiglottal fricative || Agul <code>[mEH\]</code>
|-
| <code>I</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-close front unrounded vowel || English kit <code>[kIt]</code>
|-
| <code>I\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-close central unrounded vowel (non-IPA) || Polish <code>[rI\bA]</code>
|-
| <code>J</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || palatal nasal || Spanish <code>["aJo]</code>, English canyon <code>["k{J@n]</code> (broad transcription uses [-<code>nj</code>-])
|-
| <code>J\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced palatal plosive || Hungarian <code>[EJ\]</code>
|-
| <code>J\_<</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced palatal implosive || Sindhi [<code>J\_<aro</code>]
|-
| <code>K</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless alveolar lateral fricative || Welsh <code>[KaU]</code>
|-
| <code>K\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced alveolar lateral fricative || Mongolian <code>[tOK\O:]</code>
|-
| <code>L</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || palatal lateral approximant || Italian <code>[fa"miLLa]</code>, Castilian: <code>[La"mar]</code>
|-
| <code>L\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || velar lateral approximant || Korean <code>[t6L\gudz\i]</code>
|-
| <code>M</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close back unrounded vowel || Korean <code>[M:ms\_hik_}]</code>
|-
| <code>M\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || velar approximant || Spanish <code>["fweM\o]</code>
|-
| <code>N</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || velar nasal || English thing <code>[TIN]</code>
|-
| <code>N\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || uvular nasal || Japanese <code>[saN\]</code>
|-
| <code>O</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open-mid back rounded vowel || American English off <code>[O:f]</code>
|-
| <code>O\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || bilabial click ||
|-
| <code>P</code> (or <code>v\</code>) || || frameless|upright=0.1 || labiodental approximant || Dutch <code>[PEst]</code>/<code>[v\Est]</code>, allophone of English phoneme <code>/r\/</code>
|-
| <code>Q</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open back rounded vowel || RP lot <code>[lQt]</code>
|-
| <code>R</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced uvular fricative || German <code>[RaIn]</code>
|-
| <code>R\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || uvular trill || French <code>[R\wa]</code>
|-
| <code>S</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless postalveolar fricative || English ship <code>[SIp]</code>
|-
| <code>T</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless dental fricative || English thin <code>[TIn]</code>
|-
| <code>U</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-close back rounded vowel || English foot <code>[fUt]</code>
|-
| <code>U\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-close central rounded vowel (non-IPA) || English euphoria <code>[jU\"fO@r\i@]</code>
|-
| <code>V</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open-mid back unrounded vowel || Scottish English strut <code>[str\Vt]</code>
|-
| <code>W</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless labial-velar fricative || Scots <code>[WEn]</code>
|-
| <code>X</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless uvular fricative || Klallam <code>[sXa?q_wa?]</code>
|-
| <code>X\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless pharyngeal fricative || Arabic <code>[X\A:]</code>
|-
| <code>Y</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-close front rounded vowel || German <code>[hYpS]</code>
|-
| <code>Z</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced postalveolar fricative || English vision <code>["vIZ@n]</code>
|}
Other symbols
{| class="wikitable sortable skin-invert-image"
! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image !! Description !! Example
|-
| <code>.</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || syllable break ||
|-
| <code>"</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || primary stress ||
|-
| <code>%</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || secondary stress || American English pronunciation <code>[pr\@%nVn.si"eI.S@n]</code>
|-
| <code>'</code> (or <code>_j</code>) || || frameless|upright=0.1 || palatalized || Russian (Earth) <code>[z'I"ml'a]</code> or <code>[z_jI"ml_ja]</code>
|-
| <code>:</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || long ||
|-
| <code>:\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || half long || Estonian differentiates three vowel lengths
|-
| <code>-</code> || || || separator || Polish <code>[t-S1]</code> vs. <code>[tS1]</code> (affricate)
|-
| <code>@</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || schwa || English arena <code>[@"r\i:n@]</code>
|-
| <code>@\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close-mid central unrounded vowel || Chuvash пӗррехинче <code>[p@\rrEXints\E]</code>
|-
| <code>@`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || r-coloured schwa || American English color <code>["kVl@`]</code>
|-
| <code>{</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-open front unrounded vowel || English trap <code>[tr\{p]</code>
|-
| <code>}</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close central rounded vowel || Swedish <code>[x\}:]</code>; AuE/NZE boot <code>[b}:t]</code>
|-
| <code>1</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close central unrounded vowel || Welsh <code>[t1]</code>, American English roses <code>["r\oUz1z]</code>
|-
| <code>2</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close-mid front rounded vowel || Danish <code>["k2:b@]</code>, French <code>[d2]</code>
|-
| <code>3</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open-mid central unrounded vowel || English nurse <code>[n3:s]</code> (RP) or <code>[n3`s]</code> (Gen.Am.)
|-
| <code>3\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open-mid central rounded vowel || Irish <code>[t3\:l']</code>
|-
| <code>4</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar flap || Spanish <code>["pe4o]</code>, American English better <code>["bE4@`]</code>
|-
| <code>5</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || velarized alveolar lateral approximant; also see <code>_e</code> || English milk <code>[mI5k]</code>, Portuguese <code>["5iv4u]</code>
|-
| <code>6</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || near-open central vowel || German <code>["bEs6]</code>, Australian English mud <code>[m6d]</code>
|-
| <code>7</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close-mid back unrounded vowel || Estonian <code>[k7ik]</code>, Vietnamese <code>[m7_M]</code>
|-
| <code>8</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || close-mid central rounded vowel || Swedish <code>[b8s]</code>
|-
| <code>9</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open-mid front rounded vowel || French <code>[n9f]</code>, Danish <code>[dR9m@]</code>
|-
| <code>&</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || open front rounded vowel || Swedish <code>[x\&d`]</code>
|-
| <code>?</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || glottal stop || Cockney English bottle <code>["bQ?o]</code>
|-
| <code>?\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced pharyngeal fricative || Arabic <code>[?\Ajn]</code>
|-
| <code>*</code> || || || undefined escape character, SAMPA's "conjunctor"||
|-
| <code>/</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || (a) French vowel archiphonemes or indeterminacies<br>(b) delimiter of phonemic transcriptions || <code>/mE/zO~/</code>
|-
| <code><</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || begin nonsegmental notation, e.g., SAMPROSA ||
|-
| <code><\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced epiglottal fricative || Siwi (four) <code>[ar_?\b_?\@<\a]</code>
|-
| <code>></code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || end nonsegmental notation ||
|-
| <code>>\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || epiglottal plosive || Archi гӀарз (complaint) <code>[>\arz]</code>
|-
| <code>^</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || upstep ||
|-
| <code>!</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || downstep ||
|-
| <code>!\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || postalveolar click || Zulu (polecat) <code>[i:!\a:!\a]</code>
|-
| <code>|</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || minor (foot) group ||
|-
| <code>|\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || dental click || Zulu (earring) <code> [i:|\i:|\i] </code>
|-
| <code>||</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || major (intonation) group ||
|-
| <code>|\|\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || alveolar lateral click || Zulu (to converse) <code>[|\|\O:|\|\a]</code>
|-
| <code>=\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || palatal click || Taa <code>[=\~u_Fm]</code>
|-
| <code>-\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || linking mark ||
|}
Diacritics
{| class="wikitable sortable skin-invert-image"
! X-SAMPA !! IPA !! IPA image !! Description
|-
| <code></code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || centralized
|-
| <code>_+</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || advanced
|-
| <code>_-</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || retracted
|-
| <code>_/</code> || rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | frameless|upright=0.1 || rowspan="2" | rising tone
|-
| <code>_R</code>
|-
| <code>_0</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiceless
|-
| <code>_<</code> || || || implosive (IPA uses separate symbols for implosives)
|-
| <code>=</code> (or <code>_=</code>) || || frameless|upright=0.1 || syllabic
|-
| <code>_></code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || ejective
|-
| <code>_?\</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || pharyngealized
|-
| <code>_\</code> || rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | frameless|upright=0.1 || rowspan="2" | falling tone
|-
| <code>_F</code>
|-
| <code>_^</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || non-syllabic
|-
| <code>_}</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || no audible release
|-
| <code>`</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || rhotacization in vowels, retroflexion in consonants (IPA uses separate symbols for consonants, see <code>t`</code> for an example)
|-
| <code>~</code> (or <code>_~</code>) || || frameless|upright=0.1 || nasalization
|-
| <code>_A</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || advanced tongue root
|-
| <code>_a</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || apical
|-
| <code>_B</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || extra low tone
|-
| <code>_B_L</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || low rising tone
|-
| <code>_c</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || less rounded
|-
| <code>_d</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || dental
|-
| <code>_e</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || velarized or pharyngealized; also see <code>5</code>
|-
| <code>_f</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || global fall
|-
| <code>_G</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || velarized
|-
| <code>_H</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || high tone
|-
| <code>_H_T</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || high rising tone
|-
| <code>_h</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || aspirated
|-
| <code>_j</code> (or <code>'</code>) || || frameless|upright=0.1 || palatalized
|-
| <code>_k</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || creaky voice
|-
| <code>_L</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || low tone
|-
| <code>_l</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || lateral release
|-
| <code>_M</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || mid tone
|-
| <code>_m</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || laminal
|-
| <code>_N</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || linguolabial
|-
| <code>_n</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || nasal release
|-
| <code>_O</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || more rounded
|-
| <code>_o</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || lowered
|-
| <code>_q</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || retracted tongue root
|-
| <code>_r</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || global rise
|-
| <code>_R_F</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || rising falling tone
|-
| <code>_r</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || raised
|-
| <code>_T</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || extra high tone
|-
| <code>_t</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || breathy voice
|-
| <code>_v</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || voiced
|-
| <code>_w</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || labialized
|-
| <code>_X</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || extra-short
|-
| <code>_x</code> || || frameless|upright=0.1 || mid-centralized
|}
Charts
Consonants
{| class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="17" | Consonants (pulmonic)
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 2em;"
! style="font-size: 90%;" | Place of articulation →
! colspan="2" | Labial
! colspan="4" | Coronal
! colspan="4" | Dorsal
! colspan="6" | Laryngeal
|- style="vertical-align: center; font-size: x-small; height: 3em;"
! style="font-size: 90%;" | Manner of articulation ↓
! style="width: 4em;" | Bilabial
! style="width: 4em;" | Labio‐<br />dental
! style="width: 4em;" | Dental
! style="width: 4em;" | Alveolar
! style="width: 4em;" | Post‐<br />alveolar
! style="width: 4em;" | Retro‐<br />flex
! style="width: 4em;" | Palatal
! style="width: 4em;" | Velar
! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Uvular
! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Pharyn‐<br />geal
! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Epi‐<br />glottal
! colspan="2" style="width: 4em;" | Glottal
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Nasal
| <code>m</code>
| <code>F</code>
| colspan="3" | <code>n</code>
| <code>n`</code>
| | <code>J</code>
| <code>N</code>
| colspan="2" | <code>N\</code>
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc" |
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Plosive
| <code>p</code> <code>b</code>
| <code>p_d</code> <code>b_d</code>
| colspan="3" | <code>t</code> <code>d</code>
| <code>t`</code> <code>d`</code>
| <code>c</code> <code>J\</code>
| <code>k</code> <code>g</code>
| colspan="2" | <code>q</code> <code>G\</code>
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="2" | <code>>\</code>
| style="width: 1em;" | <code>?</code>
| style="width: 1em; background:#ccc" |
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Fricative
| <code>p\</code> <code>B</code>
| <code>f</code> <code>v</code>
| <code>T</code> <code>D</code>
| <code>s</code> <code>z</code>
| <code>S</code> <code>Z</code>
| <code>s`</code> <code>z`</code>
| <code>C</code> <code>j\</code>
| <code>x</code> <code>G</code>
| style="width: 1em;" | <code>X</code>
| rowspan="2" style="width: 1em;" | <code>R</code>
| style="width: 1em;" | <code>X\</code>
| rowspan="2" | <code>?\</code>
| style="width: 1em;" | <code>H\</code>
| rowspan="2" style="width: 1em;" | <code><\</code>
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | <code>h</code> <code>h\</code>
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Approximant
| <code>B_o</code>
| <code>v\</code>
| colspan="3" | <code>r\</code>
| <code>r\`</code>
| <code>j</code>
| <code>M\</code>
|
|
|
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Trill
| <code>B\</code>
|
| colspan="3" | <code>r</code>
| *
|
| style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="2" | <code>R\</code>
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="2" | *
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Tap or Flap
| | *<sup>†</sup>
| *<sup>†</sup>
| colspan="3" | <code>4</code>
| <code>r`</code>
|
| style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="2" | *
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Lateral Fricative
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="3" | <code>K</code> <code>K\</code>
| *
| *
| *
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc" |
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Lateral Approximant
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="3" | <code>l</code>
| <code>l`</code>
| <code>L</code>
| <code>L\</code>
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc" |
|- style="font-size: 120%;"
! style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;" | Lateral Flap
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc" |
| colspan="3" | <code>l\</code>
| *
| *
| *
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="7" style="background:#ccc" |
|}
- Asterisks (*) mark sounds that do not have X-SAMPA symbols. Daggers (†) mark IPA symbols that have recently been added to Unicode. Since April 2008, the latter is the case of the labiodental flap, symbolized by a right-hook v in the IPA: File:Unicode 0x0475.svg. A convention for the labiodental flap does not yet exist in X-SAMPA.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Coarticulated
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | <code>W</code>
| Voiceless labialized velar approximant
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>w</code>
| Voiced labialized velar approximant
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>H</code>
| Voiced labialized palatal approximant
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>s\</code>
| Voiceless palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>z\</code>
| Voiced palatalized postalveolar (alveolo-palatal) fricative
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>x\</code>
| Voiceless "palatal-velar" fricative
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" | Affricates and double articulation
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>ts</code>
| voiceless alveolar affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>dz</code>
| voiced alveolar affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>tS</code>
| voiceless postalveolar affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>dZ</code>
| voiced postalveolar affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>ts\</code>
| voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>dz\</code>
| voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>tK</code>
| voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>dK\</code>
| voiced alveolar lateral affricate
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>kp</code>
| voiceless labial-velar plosive
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>gb</code>
| voiced labial-velar plosive
|-
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>Nm</code>
| labial-velar nasal stop
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="6" | Consonants (non-pulmonic)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! colspan="2" | Clicks
! colspan="2" | Implosives
! colspan="2" | Ejectives
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | <code>O\</code>
| Bilabial
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | <code>b_<</code>
| Bilabial
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger; width: 2em;" | <code>_></code>
| For example:
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>|\</code>
| Laminal alveolar ("dental")
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>d_<</code>
| Alveolar
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>p_></code>
| Bilabial
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>!\</code>
| Apical (post-) alveolar ("retroflex")
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>J\_<</code>
| Palatal
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>t_></code>
| Alveolar
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>=\</code>
| Laminal postalveolar ("palatal")
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>g_<</code>
| Velar
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>k_></code>
| Velar
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>|\|\</code>
| Lateral coronal ("lateral")
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>G\_<</code>
| Uvular
| style="text-align: center; font-size: larger;" | <code>s_></code>
| Alveolar fricative
|}
Vowels
<div style="background:transparent;">
{| class="nounderlines" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding=0 style="text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
||
| style="width:60px;" | Front
| style="width:180px;" | Central
| style="width:60px;" | Back
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Close
| style="height:210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position:relative;width:300px;height:210px;">300px<div style="background:transparent; position:absolute; top:0px; left:0px;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:transparent;" |
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:5%; width:3.3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>i</code> • <code>y</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:43.5%; width:3.3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>1</code> • <code>}</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:82%; width:3.3em; top:2%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>M</code> • <code>u</code></div>
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29%; width:3.3em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>I</code> • <code>Y</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:3em; top:16%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>I\</code> • <code>U\</code></div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 69%; width:3.3em; top:16%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: white;">• <code>U</code></div>
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:16%; width:3.3em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>e</code> • <code>2</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:47.5%; width:3.9em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>@\</code> • <code>8</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83%; width:3.3em; top:30%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>7</code> • <code>o</code></div>
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:15%; width:5.5em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>e_o</code> • <code>2_o</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.5%; width:1em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>@</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:89%; width:3.5em; top:44%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
• <code>o_o</code></div>
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:29.5%; width:3.3em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>E</code> • <code>9</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:57.6%; width:3.9em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>3</code> • <code>3\</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:84.5%; width:3.3em; top:58%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>V</code> • <code>O</code></div>
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:38%; width:1.9em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>{</code> •</div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:64.2%; width:1em; top:73%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>6</code></div>
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position:absolute; left:43%; width:3.3em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>a</code> • <code>&</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:67%; width:2.3em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>a_"</code></div>
<div style="position:absolute; left:83.8%; width:3.3em; top:86%; height:1.33em; font-size:120%; background:white;">
<code>A</code> • <code>Q</code></div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Near‑close
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Close‑mid
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Mid
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Open‑mid
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Near‑open
|-
| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Open
|}
</div>
See also
- Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet
- List of phonetics topics
- SAMPA, a language-specific predecessor of X-SAMPA
- SAMPA chart for English