Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska (; 2 July 1923 – 1 February 2012) was a Polish poet, essayist, translator, and recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature. Born in Prowent (now part of Kórnik in west-central Poland), she resided in Kraków until the end of her life.

Szymborska was awarded the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality". She became better known internationally as a result. Her work has been translated into many European languages, as well as into Arabic, Hebrew, Japanese, Persian and Chinese.

Life

thumb|right|260px|The house where Wisława Szymborska was born, in Prowent, now part of [[Kórnik, Poland]]

Wisława Szymborska was born on 2 July 1923 in Prowent, the second daughter of Wincenty Szymborski and Anna (née Rottermund) Szymborska. Her father was, at that time, the steward of Count Władysław Zamoyski, a Polish patriot and charitable patron. After Zamoyski's death in 1924, her family moved to Toruń, and in 1931 to Kraków, where she lived and worked until her death in early 2012.

Szymborska adhered to the People's Republic of Poland's (PRL) official ideology early in her career. For example, during the Polish anti-religious campaign, she signed an infamous 1953 political petition condemning Polish priests accused of treason in a Kraków show trial. Her early work supported socialist themes, as seen in her debut collection Dlatego żyjemy (That is what we are living for), containing the poems "Lenin" and "Młodzieży budującej Nową Hutę" ("For the Youth who are building Nowa Huta"), about the construction of a Stalinist industrial town near Kraków.

Although initially close to the official party line, as the Polish Communist Party shifted from the Stalinist communists to "national" communists, Szymborska grew estranged from socialist ideology and renounced her earlier political work.

In 1953, Szymborska joined the staff of the literary review magazine Życie Literackie (Literary Life), where she continued to work until 1981 and from 1968 had a book review column, Lektury Nadobowiązkowe. She was working on new poetry at the time of her death, but was unable to arrange her final poems for publication in the way she wanted. Her last poetry was published later in 2012. In 2013, the Wisława Szymborska Award was established in honour of her legacy.

In 2024, the Wisława Szymborska Foundation president Michał Rusinek signed an agreement with Polskie Radio's OFF Radio Krakow for the rights to use her voice recordings for generated speech to be used for an interview-like programme. The programme, broadcast on 29 October that year, was swiftly condemned by both Polish audiences and media producers.

Themes

Szymborska frequently employed literary devices such as ironic precision, paradox, contradiction, and understatement to illuminate philosophical themes and obsessions. Many of her poems feature war and terrorism.

She wrote from unusual points of view, such as a cat in the newly empty apartment of its dead owner.

Her poem "Love at First Sight" was used in the film Turn Left, Turn Right, starring Takeshi Kaneshiro and Gigi Leung. Krzysztof Kieślowski's film Three Colors: Red was also inspired by "Love at First Sight".

In her last year, Szymborska collaborated with Polish jazz trumpeter Tomasz Stańko, who dedicated his record Wisława (ECM, 2013) to her memory, taking inspiration from their collaboration and her poetry.

Szymborska's poem "People on the Bridge" was made into a film by Beata Poźniak. It was shown worldwide and at a New Delhi film festival. As an award, it was screened 36 more times in 18 Indian cities.

The poem Nothing Twice (Nic dwa razy) has inspired multiple musical adaptations, including Łucja Prus's performance at the 1965 Sopot International Song Festival and Maanam's song Nic dwa razy, from their 1994 album Róża. In 2022, Sanah adapted the poem into a song as part of her project based on Polish poetry, Sanah śpiewa Poezyje.

Major works

thumb|right|200px|Wisława Szymborska and President [[Bronisław Komorowski at the Order of the White Eagle award ceremony in January 2011.]]

  • 1952: Dlatego żyjemy ("That's Why We Are All Alive")
  • 1954: Pytania zadawane sobie ("Questioning Yourself")
  • 1957: Wołanie do Yeti ("Calling Out to Yeti")
  • 1962: Sól ("Salt")
  • 1966: 101 wierszy ("101 Poems")
  • 1967: Sto pociech ("No End of Fun")
  • 1967: Poezje wybrane ("Selected Poetry")
  • 1972: Wszelki wypadek ("Could Have")
  • 1976: Wielka liczba ("A Large Number")
  • 1986: Ludzie na moście ("People on the Bridge")
  • 1989: Poezje. Poems, bilingual Polish-English edition
  • 1992: Lektury nadobowiązkowe ("Non-required Reading")
  • 1993: Koniec i początek ("The End and the Beginning")
  • 1996: Widok z ziarnkiem piasku ("View with a Grain of Sand")
  • 1997: Sto wierszy – sto pociech ("100 Poems – 100 Happinesses")
  • 2002: Chwila ("Moment")
  • 2003: Rymowanki dla dużych dzieci ("Rhymes for Big Kids")
  • 2005: Dwukropek ("Colon")
  • 2005: Monolog psa zaplątanego w dzieje ("Monologue of a Dog Ensnared in History")
  • 2009: Tutaj ("Here")
  • 2012: Wystarczy ("Enough")
  • 2013: Błysk rewolwru ("The Glimmer of a Revolver")

Prizes and awards

thumb|Szymborska on a 2023 stamp of Serbia

  • 1954: The City of Kraków Prize for Literature
  • 1963: The Polish Ministry of Culture Prize
  • 1974: Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
  • 1990: Kościelski Award
  • 1991: Goethe Prize
  • 1995: Herder Prize
  • 1995: Honorary Degree of the Adam Mickiewicz University (Poznań)
  • 1996: The Polish PEN Club prize
  • 1996: Nobel Prize in Literature
  • 1996: Person of the Year by Wprost
  • 1997: Honorary Resident of the Royal Capital City of Kraków
  • 2005: Gold Medal for Merit to Culture - Gloria Artis
  • 2011: Order of the White Eagle