thumb|300px|[[Kiowa winter count by Anko, covers summers and winters for 37 months, 1889–92, ca. 1895. National Archives and Records Administration]]

Winter counts (Lakota: waníyetu wówapi or waníyetu iyáwapi) are pictorial calendars or histories in which tribal records and events were recorded by Native Americans in North America. The Blackfeet, Mandan, Kiowa, Lakota, and other Plains tribes used winter counts extensively. There are approximately one hundred winter counts in existence, many of which are duplicates.

Description

thumb|340px|A copy of the winter count kept by Yanktonai Sioux [[Lone Dog]]

Winter counts are pictographic calendars, traditionally painted on bison hides, which display a sequence of years by depicting their most remarkable events. The term winter count itself comes from the Lakota name waniyetu wowapi, ‘waniyetu’ translating to ‘winter’ while ‘wowapi’ refers to “anything that is marked and can be read or counted.” Kiowa winter counts usually feature two marks per year – one for winter and one marking the summer Sun Dance. The glyphs representing significant events would be used as a reference that could be consulted regarding the order of the years.

Similar to other traditions among the Indigenous nations of North America, winter counts were used as mnemonic records in order to help structure fuller accounts of history that would be passed on orally. The Indigenous peoples of North America had many ways of recording history during the pre-contact period that did not depend on alphabetic writing. Without the practice of written records, oral tradition was an extremely important aspect of Indigenous lifeways and was the main way that knowledge was transmitted from generation to generation. Oftentimes, pictorial or other mnemonic devices were used as guide posts for these practices. This is significantly present in the Sioux cultural tradition of oral history preservation through the form of winter counts. Located in the Northern Great Plains, Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota people physically recorded yearly events on various materials before and continuing past the point of contact with settlers.

While winter counts reveal the year number when studied and compared to other sources, the similarities between some winter counts also demonstrate inter-band relations. As some bands in the Great Plains region had close ties through alliances, their winter counts could often be very similar. Scholars have noted that the Lone Dog, The Flame, The Swan, and Major Bush winter counts are so similar for this reason; because these bands lived close by and often interacted with each other.

Corroborating dates

Garrick Mallery, a Smithsonian scholar, recognized that one of those events, "The Year the Stars Fell," correlated with the Leonid meteor storm of November 1833. He used that event to correlate the Lakota winter counts with western calendars and analyze the history of the people.

Other Lakota, and Dakota

  • Hardin Winter Count
  • Mato Sapa
  • Northern
  • The Flame
  • Lone Dog's winter count

Blackfeet

  • Bad Head, 1810–1883, oral count recorded
  • Bull Plume, 1794–1924, survives only as copied drawings from 1912

Mandan

  • Butterfly, 1833-1870s
  • Foolish Woman, 1833-1870s
  • Silver Horn, 1860-1940
  • Settan, 1833-1892
  • Harry Ware, 1860-1887
  • Quitone, 1825-1921

See also

  • Ledger art
  • Plains hide painting

Notes

References

  • Greene, Candace S. and Russell Thornton, eds. The Year the Stars Fell: Lakota Winter Counts at the Smithsonian. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2007. .
  • Greene, Candace S. "Winter Counts and Coup Counts: Plains Pictorial Art as Native History." AnthroNotes: National Museum of Natural History Bulletin for Teachers AnthroNotes: Museum of Natural History Publication for Educators Anthro Notes: A Newsletter for Teachers 26, no. 2 (2014).
  • Hansen, Emma I. Memory and Vision: Arts, Cultures, and Lives of Plains Indian People. Cody, WY: Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 2007:42-45. .
  • Mooney, James. Calendar history of the Kiowa Indians. US Bureau of American Ethnology, 1895-6 Annual Report, 1898.
  • Winter Count, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, DC
  • Lakota Winter Counts: An Online Exhibit by National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (after clicking winter count site link, click on "View HTML Version" in lower right)
  • Waniyetu Wowapi (Winter Count) - Reliable information and interesting lesson plans.
  • Lone Dog's Winter Count (YouTube)
  • Winter Count, Lakȟóta at the Minneapolis Institute of Art
  • Good summary video on Lakota Winter Counts by the Smithsonian Education youtube channel l
  • Personal description of Winter Counts by Lakota Hehakapa Mahto, vocal recording