Willa Sibert Cather (; born Wilella Sibert Cather; December 7, 1873 – April 24, 1947) was an American writer known for her novels of life on the Great Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of the Lark, and My Ántonia. In 1923, she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a novel set during World War I.
Willa Cather and her family moved from Virginia to Webster County, Nebraska, when she was nine years old. The family later settled as Homesteaders in the town of Red Cloud. Shortly after graduating from the University of Nebraska, Cather moved to Pittsburgh for 10 years, supporting herself as a magazine editor and high school English teacher. At the age of 33, she moved to New York City, her primary home for the rest of her life, though she also traveled widely and spent considerable time at her summer residence on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick. She spent the last 39 years of her life with her domestic partner, Edith Lewis, before being diagnosed with breast cancer and dying of a cerebral hemorrhage. Cather and Lewis are buried together in Jaffrey, New Hampshire.
Cather achieved recognition as a novelist of the frontier and pioneer experience. She wrote of the spirit of those settlers moving into the western states, many of them European immigrants in the 19th century. Common themes in her work include nostalgia and exile. A sense of place is an important element in her fiction: landscapes and domestic spaces become dynamic presences, against which her characters struggle and find community.
Early life and education
thumb|right|alt=One-and-a-half-story house with gable roof and small front porch; surrounded by picket fence|[[Willa Cather House|Willa Cather Childhood Home, Red Cloud, Nebraska]]
Cather was born in 1873 on her maternal grandmother's farm in the Back Creek Valley near Winchester, Virginia. Her father, Charles Fectigue Cather, descended from a family that had originated in Wales, deriving the Cather surname from Cadair Idris, a Gwynedd mountain. Her mother, Mary Virginia Boak, was a former school teacher. By the time Willa turned 12 months old, the family moved to Willow Shade, a Greek Revival-style home on 130 acres near Winchester, given to them by her paternal grandparents.
Mary Cather had six more children after Willa: Roscoe, Douglass, Jessica, James, John, and Elsie. Willa was closer to her brothers than to her sisters, whom, according to biographer Hermione Lee, she "seems not to have liked very much."
At the urging of Charles Cather's parents, the family moved to Nebraska in 1883 when Willa was nine years old. Farmland appealed to Charles's father, and the family also wished to escape the rampant tuberculosis outbreaks in Virginia. Willa's father tried his hand at farming for 18 months, then moved the family into the town of Red Cloud, where he opened a real estate and insurance business, and the children attended school for the first time. Some of Cather's earliest work was first published in the Red Cloud Chief, the local paper. She also read widely, having made friends with a Jewish couple, the Wieners, who offered her unlimited access to their extensive library in Red Cloud. At the same time, she made house calls with the local physician and decided to become a surgeon. For a short while, she signed her name as William, but it was quickly abandoned in favor of "Willa." at age 16, Cather moved to Lincoln, Nebraska, to enroll at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. In her first year there, an essay she wrote on Thomas Carlyle was published in the Nebraska State Journal without her knowledge. Afterward, she began publishing columns for one dollar each, saying that her words on the printed page had "a kind of hypnotic effect" on her, pushing her to continue writing.
While at university, she learned mathematics from her friend John J. Pershing, who would later become General of the Armies and, like Cather, earn a Pulitzer Prize for writing. Although she originally planned to study science with the goal of becoming a physician, she switched her course of study and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1895.
Cather's time in Nebraska, still considered a frontier state, was a formative experience: She was moved by the dramatic environment and weather, the vastness of the prairie, and the various cultures of the area's immigrant and Native American families.
Life and career
In 1896, when Cather accepted a writing job with Home Monthly, a women's magazine, she moved to Pittsburgh. There, she produced journalistic pieces, short stories, and poetry. When the magazine was sold a year later, she became a telegraph editor and critic for the Pittsburgh Leader and frequently contributed poetry and short fiction to The Library, another local publication. She also became a school teacher: She taught Latin, algebra, and English composition at Pittsburgh's Central High School for one year; and then, taught English and Latin at the city's Allegheny High School, where she rose to head the English department.
Shortly after moving to Pittsburgh, Cather began publishing short stories in the Home Monthly, including "Tommy, the Unsentimental" about a boyish-looking Nebraskan girl with a masculine name, who ultimately saves her father's banking business. Janis P. Stout in Willa Cather: The Writer and Her World (2000) cites this story among several Cather works that "demonstrate the speciousness of rigid gender roles, and give favorable treatment to characters who undermine conventions."
Cather resigned from her job at the Pittsburgh Leader in the late spring of 1900 before relocating to Washington, D.C., that fall. In April 1902, she published her final contribution to the Lincoln Courier before going abroad with Isabelle McClung that summer. was republished several times by Cather over her life, although with significant alterations. Eleven of these poems were never again published after 1903. This early experience with traditional, sentimental verse—without alteration from this scheme—was the basis for the rest of her literary career; she remarked that one's earliest writing is formative. While Cather's success was primarily in prose, her republishing of her earliest poetry suggests she wished to be taken as a poet as well. But this is contradicted by Cather's own words, where in 1925, where she wrote, "I do not take myself seriously as a poet." It was followed shortly afterward, in 1905, by Cather's first published collection of short stories, The Troll Garden, containing some of her most famous short fiction, including "A Wagner Matinee," "The Sculptor's Funeral," and "Paul's Case."
Upon accepting an editorial position at McClure's Magazine in 1906, Cather moved to New York City. But, while still working at McClure's, she spent most of 1907 living in Boston, writing a series of exposés about the religious leader Mary Baker Eddy (although freelance journalist Georgine Milmine was solely credited as the author). A 1993 letter, discovered in the Christian Science church archives by Eddy biographer Gillian Gill, disclosed that Cather had, perhaps reluctantly, written articles 2 through 14 of the 14-part series. Milmine had performed copious research, but she had been unable to produce a manuscript independently, and McClure's employed Cather and a few other editors, including Burton J. Hendrick, to assist her. This work was serialized in McClure's over the next 18 months and then published in book form as The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy and the History of Christian Science, attributed entirely to Georgina Milmine, instead of identifying Willa Cather as its rightful author (as was revealed and confirmed decades later).
McClure's also serialized Cather's first novel, Alexander's Bridge (1912). While most reviews were favorable, including The Atlantic<nowiki/>'s, which called the writing "deft and skillful," Cather herself soon saw the novel as weak and shallow.
She followed Alexander's Bridge with three novels set in the Great Plains, which eventually became both popular and critical successes: O Pioneers! (1913), The Song of the Lark (1915), and My Ántonia (1918). Taken together, they are sometimes referred to as her "Prairie Trilogy" a succession of plains-based novels that drew praise for their use of plainspoken language about ordinary people. Sinclair Lewis, for example, lauded her for making Nebraska accessible to the wider world for the first time. After writing The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald lamented that it was a failure in comparison to My Ántonia.
1920s
By 1920, Cather was dissatisfied with her publisher, Houghton Mifflin, which had devoted an advertising budget of only $300 to My Ántonia; refused to pay for all the illustrations she had commissioned from Władysław T. Benda for the book; So, that year, she turned to the young publishing house of Alfred A. Knopf, which had a reputation for supporting its authors through advertising campaigns.
Cather was, by then, firmly established as a major American writer, receiving the Pulitzer Prize in 1923 for her World War I-based novel, One of Ours. It has been included on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels of the 20th century.
Despite her success, she was also subject to harsh criticism, particularly surrounding One of Ours. Her close friend, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant, saw the novel as a betrayal of the realities of war, not understanding how to "bridge the gap between [Cather's] idealized war vision ... and my own stark impressions of war as lived." Similarly, Ernest Hemingway took issue with her portrayal of war, writing in a 1923 letter, "Wasn't [the novel's] last scene in the lines wonderful? Do you know where it came from? The battle scene in Birth of a Nation. I identified episode after episode, Catherized. Poor woman, she had to get her war experience somewhere."
In 1929, she was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
1930s
By the 1930s, an increasingly large share of critics began to dismiss her as overly romantic and nostalgic, unable to grapple with contemporary issues: Granville Hicks, for instance, charged Cather with escaping into an idealized past to avoid confronting the problems of the present. And it was particularly in the context of the hardships of the Great Depression in which her work was seen as lacking social relevance. Similarly, critics—and Cather herself—were disappointed when her novel A Lost Lady was made into a film; the film had little resemblance to the novel.
Cather's lifelong conservative politics, appealing to critics such as Mencken, Randolph Bourne, and Carl Van Doren, soured her reputation with younger, often left-leaning critics like Hicks and Edmund Wilson. Despite this critical opposition to her work, Cather remained a popular writer whose novels and short story collections continued to sell well; in 1931 Shadows on the Rock was the most widely read novel in the United States, and Lucy Gayheart became a bestseller in 1935.