Wilhelm Reich

Wilhelm Reich (; ; 24 March 1897 – 3 November 1957) was an Austrian doctor of medicine and a psychoanalyst, a member of the second generation of analysts after Sigmund Freud. The author of several influential books, The Impulsive Character (1925), The Function of the Orgasm (1927), Character Analysis (1933), and The Mass Psychology of Fascism (1933), he became one of the most radical figures in the history of psychiatry.

Reich's work on character contributed to the development of Anna Freud's The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), and his idea of muscular armour—the expression of the personality in the way the body moves—shaped innovations such as body psychotherapy, Gestalt therapy, bioenergetic analysis and primal therapy. His writing influenced generations of intellectuals; he coined the phrase "the sexual revolution" and according to one historian acted as its midwife. During the 1968 student uprisings in Paris and Berlin, students scrawled his name on walls and threw copies of The Mass Psychology of Fascism at police.

After graduating in medicine from the public University of Vienna in 1922, Reich became deputy director of Freud's outpatient clinic, the Vienna Ambulatorium. During the 1930s, he was part of a general trend among younger analysts and Frankfurt sociologists that tried to reconcile psychoanalysis with Marxism. He established the first sexual advisory clinics in Vienna, along with Marie Frischauf. He said he wanted to "attack the neurosis by its prevention rather than treatment".

Reich moved to Oslo, Norway in 1934. He then moved on to New York in 1939, after having accepted a position as Assistant Professor at the New School for Social Research. During his five years in Oslo, he had coined the term "orgone energy"—from "orgasm" and "organism"—for the notion of life energy. In 1940 he started building orgone accumulators, modified Faraday cages that he claimed were beneficial for cancer patients. He claimed that his laboratory cancer mice had had remarkable positive effects from being kept in a Faraday cage, so he built human-size versions, where one could sit inside. This led to newspaper stories about "sex boxes" that cured cancer.

Following two critical articles about him in The New Republic and Harper's in 1947, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration obtained an injunction against the interstate shipment of orgone accumulators and associated literature, calling them "fraud of the first magnitude". Charged with contempt in 1956 for having violated the injunction, Reich was sentenced to two years imprisonment, and that summer over six tons of his publications were burned by order of the court. He died in prison of heart failure just over a year later.

Early life

Childhood

thumb|alt=monochrome photograph of a child with a rocking horse|Reich in 1900

Reich was born on 24 March 1897, the first of two sons to Leon Reich, a farmer, and his wife Cäcilie (née Roniger) in Dobzau, Galicia, then part of Austria-Hungary, now in Ukraine, into a Jewish family. Wilhelm Reich's parents were married by Rabbi Schmelkes on June 4, 1895. Wilhelm was circumcised four days after his birth. He had a sister, born one year after Reich, but she died in infancy. Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Jujinetz, a village in Bukovina, where his father ran a cattle farm leased by his mother's uncle, Josef Blum.

Death of parents

thumb|Reich in his mid twenties

Reich was taught at home until he was 12, when his mother was discovered having an affair with his live-in tutor. Reich wrote about the affair in 1920 in his first published paper, "Über einen Fall von Durchbruch der Inzestschranke" (), presented in the third person as though about a patient. for which Reich blamed himself.

With the tutor ordered out of the house, Reich was sent to an all-male gymnasium in Czernowitz. It was during this period that a skin condition appeared, diagnosed as psoriasis, that plagued him for the rest of his life, leading several commentators to remark on his ruddy complexion. His father died of tuberculosis on May 3, 1914, Reich managed the farm and continued with his studies, graduating in 1915 with Stimmeneinhelligkeit (). The Russians invaded Bukovina that summer and the Reich brothers fled, losing everything. Reich wrote in his diary: "I never saw either my homeland or my possessions again. Of a well-to-do past, nothing was left."

1919–1930: Vienna

Undergraduate studies

Reich joined the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War, serving from 1915 to 1918, for the last two years as a lieutenant at the Italian front with 40 men under his command. When the war ended he headed for Vienna, enrolling in law at the University of Vienna, but found it dull and switched to medicine after the first semester. He arrived with nothing in a city with little to offer; the overthrow of the Austria-Hungarian empire a few weeks earlier had left the newly formed Republic of German-Austria in the grip of famine. Reich lived on soup, oats and dried fruit from the university canteen, and shared an unheated room with his brother and another undergraduate, wearing his coat and gloves indoors to stave off the cold. He fell in love with another medical student, Lia Laszky, with whom he was dissecting a corpse, but it was largely unrequited.

Myron Sharaf, his biographer, wrote that Reich loved medicine but was caught between a reductionist/mechanistic and vitalist view of the world. Reich wrote later of this period:

One of Einstein's assistants pointed out that the temperature was lower on the floor than on the ceiling.

He applied for a presidential pardon in May, to no avail. Peter visited him in jail several times, where one prisoner said Reich was known as the "flying saucer guy" and the "Sex Box man". Reich told Peter that he cried a lot, and wanted Peter to let himself cry too, believing that tears are the "great softener". His last letter to his son was on 22 October 1957, when he said he was looking forward to being released on 10 November, having served one third of his sentence. A parole hearing had been scheduled for a few days before that date. He wrote that he and Peter had a date for a meal at the Howard Johnson restaurant near Peter's school.

Death

Reich failed to appear for roll call on 3 November 1957, and was found at 7 a.m. in his bed. The prison doctor said he had died during the night of "myocardial insufficiency with sudden heart failure". None of the academic journals carried an obituary. Time magazine wrote on 18 November 1957:

Reception and legacy

Psychotherapy

The psychoanalyst Richard Sterba wrote in 1982 that Reich had been a brilliant clinician and teacher in the 1920s; even the older analysts had wanted to attend his technical seminars in Vienna. But according to Sharaf, they came to consider Reich as paranoid and belligerent.

There were inaccurate rumours from the late 1920s that he had been hospitalized. Paul Federn became Reich's second analyst in 1922; he later said he had detected "incipient schizophrenia" and called Reich a psychopath. Similarly, Sandor Rado had Reich as an analyst and in 1931 declared him schizophrenic "in the most serious way". Reich's daughter, Lore Reich Rubin, a psychiatrist, speculated that he had bipolar disorder and may have been sexually abused as a child.

Sharaf argued that psychoanalysts tended to dismiss as ill anyone from within the fold who had transgressed, and this was never done so relentlessly as with Reich. His work was split into the pre-psychotic "good" and the post-psychotic "bad", the date of the illness's onset depending on which parts of his work a speaker disliked. Psychoanalysts preferred to see him as sane in the 1920s because of his work on character, while political radicals regarded him as sane in the 1930s because of his Marxist-oriented research.

Despite Reich's precarious mental health, his work on character and the idea of muscular armouring contributed to the development of what is now known as ego psychology, gave rise to body psychotherapy, and helped shape the Gestalt therapy of Fritz Perls, the bioenergetic analysis of Reich's student Alexander Lowen, and the primal therapy of Arthur Janov.

Humanities

thumb|upright|alt=monochrome photograph of a man in an open-necked shirt|[[Norman Mailer owned several orgone accumulators.

The Austrian-American philosopher Paul Edwards said that the FDA's pursuit of Reich had intensified Edwards' attachment to him. He wrote in 1977 that for years he and his friends regarded Reich as "something akin to a messiah". Paul Mathews and John M. Bell started teaching a course on Reich in 1968 at New York University through its Division of Continuing Study, and it was still being taught at the time Sharaf was writing Reich's biography in 1983, making it the longest-running course ever taught in that division.

Several well-known figures used orgone accumulators, including Orson Bean, Sean Connery, Allen Ginsberg, Paul Goodman, Jack Kerouac, Isaac Rosenfeld, J. D. Salinger, William Steig and Robert Anton Wilson. Norman Mailer—who owned several orgone accumulators, including some in the shape of eggs—wrote about Reich enthusiastically in The Village Voice, as a result of which Orgonon became a place of pilgrimage and the orgasm a symbol of liberation.

Popular culture

thumb|left|alt=cover of Kate Bush's single, showing her sitting astride a reproduction of a 'cloudbuster' |The 1985 song "[[Cloudbusting" by Kate Bush recounts Reich's arrest through his son's eyes.]]

Reich continued to influence popular culture after his death. Turner writes that the evil Dr. Durand Durand (Milo O'Shea) in the feature film Barbarella (1968) seems to be based on Reich; he places Barbarella (Jane Fonda) in his Excessive Machine so that she would die of pleasure, but rather than killing her the machine burns out. A film about Reich and the implications of his ideas, W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism (1971), was made by Yugoslav director Dušan Makavejev. An orgone accumulator made an appearance as the Orgasmatron in Woody Allen's comedy feature film Sleeper (1973). The use of orgone accumulators, a cloudbuster and representations of Reich's orgone therapy with patients, together with a snapshot of the FDA's hostile actions against Reich were dramatised in a short film called It Can Be Done, which was made by British director Jon East in 1999. The film screened at the 56th Venice Film Festival on 11 September 1999.

Patti Smith's "Birdland" on her album Horses (1975) is based on Reich's life. Hawkwind's song "Orgone Accumulator", on their album Space Ritual (1973) is named for his invention. In Bob Dylan's "Joey" from Desire (1976), the eponymous gangster spends his time in prison reading Nietzsche and Reich. Reich is also a character in the opera Marilyn (1980) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero.

Kate Bush's single "Cloudbusting" (1985) described Reich's arrest through the eyes of his son, Peter, who wrote his father's story in A Book of Dreams (1973). The video for the song features Donald Sutherland as Reich and Bush as Peter. Robert Anton Wilson's play, Wilhelm Reich in Hell (1987), is about Reich's confrontation with the American government. Four-beat Rhythm: The Writings of Wilhelm Reich (2013) is a compilation album on which Reich's writings are adapted to music. The Australian designer Marc Newson has produced a range of orgone furniture, most famously his Orgone Chair (1993). In James Reich's novel Soft Invasions (2017), a fictionalized Wilhelm Reich is treating a Hollywood mogul using an orgone accumulator. Finnish artist Ville Kallio has released a video game Psycho Patrol R, that features a sci-fi world where orgone energy powers mechs and Reich is respected as a prominent scientist.

Science

The scientific community dismissed Reich's orgone theory as pseudoscience. James Strick, a historian of science at Franklin and Marshall College, wrote in 2015 that the dominant narrative since Reich's death has been that "there is no point in looking more closely at Reich's science because there no legitimate science from Reich".

From 1960, apparently in response to the book burning, the New York publisher Farrar, Straus and Giroux began republishing his major works. Reichian physicians organized study groups. Reich asked his student and colleague, Dr. Elsworth Baker, to carry the study of orgonomy forward. In 1967 Baker, established the bi-annual Journal of Orgonomy, still published , and in 1968 founded the American College of Orgonomy in Princeton, New Jersey. According to Sharaf, contributors to the Journal of Orgonomy who worked in academia often used pseudonyms. The Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory was founded in 1978 by James DeMeo and the Institute for Orgonomic Science in 1982 by Morton Herskowitz.

There was renewed interest in November 2007, when the Reich archives at the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard University were unsealed; Reich had left instructions that his unpublished papers be stored for 50 years after his death. James E. Strick, a historian of science and later president of the Wilhelm Reich Trust, began studying Reich's laboratory notebooks from the 1935–1939 bion experiments in Norway. In 2015 Harvard University Press published Strick's Wilhelm Reich, Biologist, in which he writes that Reich's work in Oslo "represented the cutting edge of light microscopy and time-lapse micro-cinematography". He argues that the dominant narrative of Reich as a pseudoscientist is incorrect and that Reich's story is "much more complex and interesting".

Works

Books and selected publications

If originally published in German (all works until 1942), information on the first English publication is added in brackets.

Vienna period

1920 "Analysis of Ibsen’s Peer Gynt” (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1920 "On a Case of Breakthrough of the Incest Taboo" (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1922 “Two Narcissistic Types” (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1922 “Concerning Specific Forms of Masturbation" (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1922 “Drive and Libido Concepts from Forel to Jung” in (in Early Writings: Volume One , 1975)
1923 “Concerning the Energy of Drives” (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1924 “On Genitality: From the Standpoint of Psychoanalytic Prognosis and Therapy” (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1925 "Further Remarks on the Therapeutic Significance of Genital Libido” (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975)
1925 The Impulsive Character (in Early Writings: Volume One, 1975) German text archived
1927 Genitality in the Theory and Therapy of Neurosis (1980) [original title The Function of Orgasm: On the Psychopathology and Sociology of Sexual Life]
1929 Dialectical Materialism and Psychoanalysis (in Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934, 1972), German text archived [original title Under the Banner of Marxism]
1929 "Psychoanalysis as a Natural Science" lecture at Communist Academy, Moscow. (synopsis in Hristeva and Bennett, "Wilhelm Reich in Soviet Russia," International Forum of Psychoanalysis 27 (1), 2018 https://doi.org/10.1080/0803706X.2015.1125018 )
1929 “Psychoanalysis in the Soviet Union" (in Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934, 1972)
1930 "Sexual Maturity, Abstinence, Marriage Ethic: A Critique of Bourgeois Sexual Reform". (Absorbed in The Imposition of Sexual Morality, 1932)
1930 "The Sexual Misery of the Working Masses and the Difficulties of Sexual Reform" (in New German Critique, No. I 1973)
1930 "Forbidden Love: Demands for Proletarian Sexual Reform", anonymous (no English translation).

Germany, Denmark, Sweden period

1932 “The Imposition of Sexual Morality " (in Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934, 1972; Revised 3rd ed. The Invasion of Compulsory Sex-Morality, 1951) German text archived
1932 “Politicizing the Sexual Problem of Youth" (in Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934, 1972; Revised as “The Sexual Rights of Youth" in Children of the Future, 1983)
1933 Character Analysis (2nd ed. 1945, 3rd enlarged ed. 1949) German text archived
1933 The Mass Psychology of Fascism (3rd revised and enlarged ed., 1946)
1934 “What is Class Consciousness?" using pseudonym Ernst Parell (in Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934, 1972).
1934 “Reforming the Labor movement" using pseudonym Ernst Parell (in Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934, 1972).
1934 “Orgasm as an Electrophysiological Discharge" (in The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety, 1982)
1934 “The Basic Antithesis of Vegetative Life" (in The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety, 1982)

Norway period

1935 "The Masses and the State: On the Question of the Role of the Structure of the Masses in the Socialist Movement" (part of 3rd enlarged edition of The Mass Psychology of Fascism)
1935 “Psychic Contact and Vegetative Current" (in 2nd and 3rd ed. of Character Analysis, 1945/1949)
1936 The Sexual Revolution: Toward a Self-Governing Character Structure (3rd ed. 1945) [original title Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle: on the Socialist Restructuring of People]
1937 "Experimental Results on the Electrical Function of Sexuality and Anxiety" (in The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety, 1982)
1937 "Orgasm Reflex, Muscular Posture, and Bodily Expression: On the Technique of Character-analytic Vegetotherapy" (Summarised in The Function of the Orgasm, Discovery of the Orgone: Vol. 1, 1942)
1937 People in the State, unpublished manuscript (in revised and edited form part of People in Trouble, 1953)
1937 "The Dialectical-Materialist Method of Thinking and Investigation” (became part of The Bion Experiments, 1938)
1938 The Bion Experiments: On the Origins of Life (1979)
1938 “Bion Experiments on the Cancer Problem" (in Orgonomic Functionalism, Vol. 7, 2019)
1939 “Three Experiments with the Static Electroscope" (in Orgone Energy Bulletin 1951, Vol. III No. 3).
1939 "The Natural Organization of Work in Work-Democracy" (unpublished English translation)

United States period

1941 “Further Problems in Work-Democracy (unpublished English translation)
1942 The Function of the Orgasm, The Discovery of the Orgone: Vol. 1
1942 "Biophysical Functionalism and Mechanistic Natural Science"
1942 "The Carcinomatous Shrinking Biopathy"
1943 "Experimental Orgone Therapy of the Cancer Biopathy"
1944 "Thermal and Electroscopical Orgonometry"
1945 "Some Mechanisms of the Emotional Plague"
1947 "Work Democracy in Action"
1948 "Listen, Little Man!"
1948 The Cancer Biopathy, The Discovery of the Orgone: Vol. 2
1949 Ether, God and Devil
1950 “The Orgone Energy Emergency Bulletin"
1950 "Children of the Future" - first report on the Orgonomic Infant Research Centre
1951 "Armoring in a Newborn Infant"
1951 ORANUR First report, 1947-1951: The Oranur Experiment
1951 Cosmic Superimposition: Man's Orgonotic Roots in Nature
1951 "The Orgone Energy Accumulator, Its Scientific and Medical Use"
1953 The Einstein Affair [of 1941]
1953 The Murder of Christ, The Emotional Plague of Mankind Vol. 1
1953 People in Trouble, The Emotional Plague of Mankind Vol. 2
1956 "Re-emergence of Freud's 'Death Instinct' as 'DOR' Energy"
1957 Contact with Space: ORANUR Second Report (1951–1956) + OROP Desert Ea (1954–1955) (posthumous)

Journals

1934-1938 (ed.) Zeitschrift für Politische Psychologie und Sexualökonomie (using pseudonym Ernst Parell)
1937-1939 (ed.) Klinische und Experimentelle Berichte
1942-1945 (ed.) International Journal of Sex-Economy & Orgone Research
1947-1949 (ed.) Annals of the Orgone Institute
1949-1953 (ed.) Orgone Energy Bulletin
1954-1955 (ed.) CORE - Cosmic Orgone Engineering

Letters and autobiographical material

1967 Reich Speaks of Freud (1952 interview)
1981 Record of a Friendship: The Correspondence of Wilhelm Reich and A.S. Neill (1936–1957)
Autobiographical writings published in four volumes:
1988 Passion of Youth: An Autobiography 1897-1922, Mary Boyd Higgins and Chester M. Raphael (eds.)
1994 Beyond Psychology: Letters and Journals 1934-1939, Mary Boyd Higgins (ed.)
1999 American Odyssey: Letters and Journals 1940-1947, Mary Boyd Higgins (ed.)
2012 Where's the Truth?: Letters and Journals 1948-1957, Mary Boyd Higgins (ed.)

Compilations

1960 Selected Writings: An Introduction to Orgonomy
1972 Sexpol. Essays 1929-1934
1975 Early Writings: Volume One
1982 The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety
1983 Children of the Future. On the Prevention of Sexual Pathology

References

Explanatory notes

Citations

Works cited

Abrahams, Ian. Hawkwind: Sonic Assassins, SAF Publishing Ltd, 2004.
Bauer, Henry H. (2000). "Wilhelm Reich", in Science or Pseudoscience?, University of Illinois Press.
Blumenfeld, Robert (2006). "Wilhelm Reich and Character Analysis" , Tools and Techniques for Character Interpretation. Limelight Editions.
Bocian, Bernd. Fritz Perls in Berlin 1893–1933, Peter Hammer Verlag GmbH, 2010.
Brady, Mildred Edie (April 1947). "The New Cult of Sex and Anarchy" , Harper's.
Brady, Mildred Edie (26 May 1947). "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich", The New Republic.
Brian, Denis (1996). Einstein: A Life, John Wiley & Sons.
Bugental, James F. T., Schneider, Kirk J. and Pierson, J. Fraser (2001). The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology, Sage.
Cooper, Kim (26 September 2011). "Very Different Tonight: The Contagious Nightmares of Wilhelm Reich", Post45.
Cordon, Luis A. (2012). "Reich, Wilhelm" in Freud's World: An Encyclopedia of His Life and Times, Greenwood, pp. 405–424.
Corrington, Robert S. (2003). Wilhelm Reich: Psychoanalyst and Radical Naturalist, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Danto, Elizabeth Ann (2007). Freud's Free Clinics: Psychoanalysis & Social Justice, 1918–1938, Columbia University Press, first published 2005.
DeMarco, Donald and Wiker, Benjamin D. (2004). "Wilhelm Reich" , Architects of the Culture of Death, Ignatius Press.
Edwards, Paul (1977). "The Greatness of Wilhelm Reich", The Humanist, March/April 1974, reprinted in Charles A. Garfield (ed.) (1977). Rediscovery of the Body. A Psychosomatic View of Life and Death, Dell, pp. 41–50.
Elkind, David (18 April 1971). "Wilhelm Reich – The Psychoanalyst as Revolutionary; Wilhelm Reich" , The New York Times.
Encyclopædia Britannica (2012). "Wilhelm Reich" .
Foucault, Michel (1978). The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, Vintage Books.
Freud, Sigmund (1928). "Letter from Freud to Lou Andreas-Salomé, May 9, 1928" in Ernest Jones (ed.), The International Psycho-Analytical Library, 89, pp. 174–175.
Greenberg, Leslie S. and Safran, Jeremy D. (1990). Emotion in Psychotherapy, Guilford Press.
Grossinger, Richard (1982). "Wilhelm Reich: From Character Analysis to Cosmic Eros" , Planet Medicine: From Stone Age Shamanism to Post-industrial Healing, Taylor & Francis.
Guntrip, Harry (1961). Personality Structure and Human Interaction, Hogarth Press.
Isaacs, Kenneth S. (1999). "Searching for Science in Psychoanalysis", Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 29(3), pp. 235–252.
Karina, Lilina and Kant, Marion (2004). Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance And The Third Reich, Berghahn Books.
Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (4 January 1971). "Back Into the Old Orgone Box" , The New York Times.
MacBean, James Roy (1972). "Sex and Politics: Wilhelm Reich, World Revolution, and Makavejev's WR" , Film Quarterly, 25(3), Spring, pp. 2–13.
Moy, Ron (2007). Kate Bush and Hounds of Love, Ashgate Publishing.
Murphy, James M. (4 January 2012). "The man who started the sexual revolution" , The Times Literary Supplement.
Reich, Peter (1973). A Book Of Dreams, Harper & Row.
Reich, Wilhelm (1920). "Über einen Fall von Durchbruch der Inzestschranke", Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft, VII.
Reich, Wilhelm (1942). The Function of the Orgasm.
Reich, Wilhelm (1953). People in Trouble.
Reich, Wilhelm (1957). Contact with Space: Oranur Second Report, 1951–1956.
Reich, Wilhelm (1973). Ether, God and Devil. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Reich, Wilhelm (1974). The Cancer Biopathy. Farrar, Straus and Giroux (first published 1948).
Reich, Wilhelm (1982). The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety.
Reich, Wilhelm (1988). Leidenschaft der Jugend/Passion of Youth. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Reich, Wilhelm (1994). Beyond Psychology: Letters and Journals 1934–1939. Farrar Straus & Giroux.
Reich, Wilhelm (1967). Reich Speaks of Freud. Souvenir Press.
Roeckelein, Jon E. (2006). "Reich's Orgone/Orgonomy Theory", Elsevier's Dictionary of Psychological Theories. Elsevier.
Rubin, Lore Reich (2003). "Wilhelm Reich and Anna Freud: His Expulsion from Psychoanalysis" , Int. Forum Psychoanal, 12, pp. 109–117.
Sharaf, Myron (1994). Fury on Earth: A Biography of Wilhelm Reich, Da Capo Press; first published by St. Martin's Press, 1983.
Sheppard, R. Z. (14 May 1973) "A family affair", Time magazine.
Sterba, Richard F. (1982). Reminiscences of a Viennese Psychoanalyst, Wayne State University Press.
Søbye, Espen (1995). Rolf Stenersen. En biografi, Forlaget Oktober (in Norwegian).
Strick, James E. (2015). Wilhelm Reich, Biologist, Harvard University Press.
Time magazine (18 November 1957). "Milestones, Nov. 18, 1957" (obituary).
Turner, Christopher (6 October 2005). "Naughty Children" , London Review of Books, 27(19).
Turner, Christopher (2011). Adventures in the Orgasmatron, Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Turner, Christopher (8 July 2011). "Wilhelm Reich: the man who invented free love" , The Guardian.
Turner, Christopher (23 September 2011). "Adventures in the Orgasmatron" , The New York Times.
Yontef, Gary and Jacobs, Lynn (2010). "Gestalt Therapy" in Raymond J. Corsini and Danny Wedding (eds.), Current Psychotherapies, Cengage Learning.
Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth (2008). Anna Freud: A Biography, Yale University Press, first published 1988.

External links

"Biography of Wilhelm Reich" and "Last Will & Testament of Wilhelm Reich" , Wilhelm Reich Infant Trust.
"Mikrofilm-Bestand der Staatsbibliotheken in Berlin, München und Bremen aus dem Nachlaß Wilhelm Reichs", Wilhelm Reich archive on microfilm, from Dr. Eva Reich.
"Man's Right to Know", documentary on Reich, Wilhelm Reich Infant Trust.
"Revitalizing the environment and creating a rain hole" , Practical experiments to create energy density to build wind and absorb rain systems.
Recording of Reich speaking , Orgonon, 3 April 1952.
Dabelstein, Nicolas, and Svoboda, Antonin (2009). Wer Hat Angst vor Wilhelm Reich? ("Who's Afraid of Wilhelm Reich?"), documentary, Coop99, Austrian television (IMDb entry ).
Federal Bureau of Investigation. "Dr. Wilhelm Reich" (also see here Federal Bureau of Investigation – Freedom of Information Privacy Act).
FBI files about Wilhelm Reich
Wilhelm Reich's childhood & youth: Where it all started