Wenlock Priory

thumb|upright=1.5|The west end of the Priory Church, with a remnant of the [[transept|north transept at left]]

Wenlock Priory, or St Milburga's Priory, is a ruined 12th-century monastery, located in Much Wenlock, Shropshire, at . Roger de Montgomery re-founded the Priory as a Cluniac house between 1079 and 1082, on the site of an earlier 7th-century monastery. In 1101 bones, believed to be those of Saint Milburga, were discovered beneath the floor of the old church. The relics were ceremoniously translated to the main monastery church.

Parts of the building became a house later known as "Wenlock Abbey", which is privately owned by Gabrielle Drake, the actress, who bought it with her late husband, Louis de Wet, in 1983, but most of Wenlock Priory is open to the public under the care of English Heritage and is used mostly for recreational purposes. The grounds have a collection of topiary; the gardens are listed Grade II in Historic England's Register of Parks and Gardens.

History

Early history

thumb|Æthelflæd gave land and a golden chalice to the Priory

Merewalh, King of the Magonsaete, a sub-kingdom of Mercia, founded the original Anglo-Saxon monastery here circa 680, and Merewalh's daughter Milburga became its second abbess, and was later canonised. At that time called "Wimnicas" it was a double monastery, housing both monks and nuns. After her death in 715, however, little is historically known of the monastery until the Norman Conquest, although it is known that at the end of the ninth century, in 901 Æthelflæd (daughter of Alfred the Great) and Æthelred gave land and a golden chalice weighing thirty mancuses to the shrine of Saint Mildburg.

alt=Charter of Æthelred and Ætheflæd|thumb|Charter S 221, dated 901, of Æthelred and Ætheflæd, donating land and a golden chalice to Much Wenlock church.

The priory continued to be inhabited by monks at least until the mid 11th century, when endowments were made by Leofric, Earl of Mercia.

Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, was one of the great Norman lords during William the Conqueror's reign. He re-founded Wenlock as a Cluniac house, bringing monks from La Charité-sur-Loire in central France. The monastery was established by 1086, when it is recorded in the Domesday Book.

In 1101, repairs were being made to the Holy Trinity Church, probably the original nuns' church, and bones were found under the floor of the church. These were believed to be those of Saint Milburga, and were transferred to the main monastery church. The story of the discovery is told in the Miracula Inventionis Beate Mylburge Virginis, attributed to Odo, Cardinal bishop of Ostia.

By 1170, the monastery was able to send a prior and twelve monks to found the daughter house of Paisley Abbey in Scotland. Other dependent priories established around this time were Dudley Priory, St Helen's Priory and Church Preen.

The monastery church was rebuilt between the late 12th and mid 13th-Centuries. The visible remains of the church largely date to this period. Pevsner suggests a date of completion of 1200–1240 on stylistic grounds. The town is made up of a small network of intricate, narrow streets lined with timber-framed black and white buildings. Within the town is the well of St Milburga of Wenlock, which was said to have cured sight impairments and helped Victorian women find a suitor.

Dissolution

The monastery was dissolved on 26 January 1540. Proposals had been made for creating a new diocese, with the church at Wenlock becoming a cathedral, as happened at Gloucester, but these were not implemented, and most of the buildings were destroyed. The late 15th-century Prior's House and the adjoining infirmary building were converted into a private residence later known as "Wenlock Abbey".

Description of the site

thumb|upright=1.5|left|Plan of the Priory. The west wall of the North Transept has a single surviving complete bay, similar in layout to the south transept. A blocked door leads to the remains of the [[sacristy on the west side of the transept, which has three large arched recesses and a crypt. The transepts, like the rest of the church, were vaulted as can be seen from the remains of the vaulting shafts.

Three bays of the south-west part of the Nave survive. This shows an unusual design as a room has been constructed above the aisle vaults, requiring them to be lower than in the rest of the church. The function of this vaulted space is not known. Graham (1965) suggests, by analogy with other Cluniac houses including Cluny itself, that it was a chapel to St Michael.. However, there is no evidence of the existence of an altar.

Little survives of the Cloister itself. The Library opens from the west wall of the south transept, with a single original arched opening, and two later flanking arches. South of this, three round arches with zigzag ornament lead into the Norman Chapter House of about 1150–1180. This is decorated with three levels of intersecting round arches, a common motif in chapter houses of this period. The vaulting shafts show that the chapter house was vaulted in three bays. In the cloister garth are the remains of a Lavabo, a place for the monks to wash. The base and the foundations of the surrounding pavilion can be seen. The base has two well-preserved carved stone panels from the late 12th century, showing scenes from the lives of the Apostles.

South of the chapter house, are the Infirmary and the Prior's Lodging now forming an L-shaped private house, described by Pevsner as "one of the finest examples of domestic architecture in England about the year 1500".

In 2026, three fragments of decorative tiles were returned to the priory by a man who had taken them from the ruins as a boy in the late 1960s. Tiles of this kind are known from only three sites in Shropshire, the others being Bridgnorth Friary (no longer extant) and Haughmond Abbey. One of the returned fragments featured a dragon motif, a design not previously recorded at the priory.