Wasabi

Wasabi (Japanese: , , or , ) or Japanese horseradish (Eutrema japonicum is a plant of the family Brassicaceae, which also includes horseradish and mustard in other genera. The plant is native to Japan, the Russian Far East including Sakhalin, and the Korean Peninsula. It grows naturally along stream beds in mountain river valleys in Japan.

Wasabi is grown for its rhizomes, which are ground into a paste as a pungent condiment for sushi and other foods. It is similar in taste to hot mustard or horseradish rather than chilli peppers, in that it stimulates the nose more than the tongue, but freshly grated wasabi has a subtly distinct flavour. The main cultivars in the marketplace are E. japonicum 'Daruma' and 'Mazuma', but there are many others. The popularity of wasabi in English-speaking countries has coincided with that of sushi, growing steadily from about 1980. Due to constraints that limit the Japanese wasabi plant's mass cultivation and thus increase its price and decrease availability outside Japan, the western horseradish plant is widely used in place of wasabi. This is commonly referred to as "western wasabi" () in Japan.

Taxonomy

thumb|left|Fresh wasabi stems

Siebold named Cochlearia (?) wasabi in 1830, noting its use pro condimento or "as a condiment"; however, this is a nomen nudum, and the synonym Eutrema wasabi, published by Maximovich in 1873, is thus an illegitimate name.

In 1899 Matsumura erected the genus Wasabia, recognising within it the species Wasabia pungens and Wasabia hederaefolia; these are now regarded as synonyms of Eutrema japonicum. In 1930, Koidzumi transferred the wasabi plant to the genus Eutrema, the correct name and author citation being Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz.

Flowering

Wasabi flowers appear in clusters from long stems that bloom from late winter to early spring.

Culinary uses

thumb|Wasabi root and wasabi paste on a plate

As condiment

Wasabi is mainly used to make wasabi paste, which is a pungent, spicy condiment eaten with foods like sushi. The part used for wasabi paste is commonly called the "root". It has been more accurately characterized as the rhizome or the stem, or the "rhizome plus the base part of the stem". Stores generally sell only this part of the plant.

The fresh rhizome is grated into a paste, and eaten in small amounts at a time. Traditionally, coarse sharkskin is used to grate the root, but metal graters called oroshigane are used in modern times. Fresh wasabi paste loses its flavor quickly if left uncovered, and so the paste is grated on the spot in some high-end restaurants. Sushi chefs usually put the wasabi between the fish and the rice, to cover the wasabi and preserve its flavour.

Store-bought wasabi paste is usually made from dried wasabi powder, and sold in bottles or squeezable toothpaste-like tubes.

Wasabi (9452965932).jpg|Wasabi paste on a plate of sushi

Wasabi on green shiso leaves by june29.jpg|Wasabi paste on a green shiso leaf

Benkei Soba (1183903385).jpg|Wasabi in a bowl of noodles, with nameko mushrooms

Wasabi - Shizuoka - 2024 11 4.webm|thumbtime=3|Fresh wasabi on display and wasabi being grated

Takowasabi (2014-02-15).JPG|Tako-wasabi, raw octopus mixed with wasabi

Itawasa by jetalone in Tsukiji, Tokyo.jpg|Itawasa with wasabi

司こなや新屋 (17067887810).jpg|Wasabi with soba noodles

Chef Grating Wasabi (12007382115).jpg|A chef grating fresh wasabi root

WasabiOnOroshigane.jpg|Wasabi and metal oroshigane grater

Wasabi sauce.jpg|Bottle of horseradish, artificial flavorings, and wasabi powder

</gallery>

As flavoring

thumb|Wasabi coated [[peas]]

Wasabi is used to flavor many foods, especially dry snacks. are legumes (peanuts, soybeans, or peas) that are roasted or fried and then coated with wasabi powder, and eaten as a snack.

Others

thumb|Wasabizuke, wasabi leaves pickled in [[Sake kasu|sake lees]]

Fresh wasabi leaves can be eaten raw, having a spicy flavor, but a common side effect is diarrhea. Therefore, outside Japan, finding real wasabi plants is rare.

A common substitute is a mixture of horseradish, mustard, starch, and green food colouring or spinach powder. Often packages are labelled as wasabi while the ingredients do not include any part of the wasabi plant. The primary difference is colour, with wasabi being naturally green. Fresh horseradish root is described as having a similar (albeit simpler) flavor and texture to that of fresh wasabi. It feels "sharper and earthier" compared to wasabi, with a more noticeable pungent aftertaste.

In Japan, horseradish is referred to as . Outside of Japan, where fresh wasabi is hard to obtain, a powdered mixture of horseradish and mustard oil, known as , is used at a majority of sushi restaurants, including reputable ones. In the United States, true wasabi is generally found only at specialty grocers and high-end restaurants.

Chemistry

thumb|left|Drawing of a wasabi plant, by [[Iwasaki Kanen, 1828]]

The chemical in wasabi that provides its initial pungency is the volatile compound allyl isothiocyanate, which is produced by hydrolysis of allyl glucosinolate, a natural thioglucoside (conjugates of the sugar glucose and sulfur-containing organic compounds); the hydrolysis reaction is catalyzed by myrosinase and occurs when the enzyme is released on cell rupture caused by partial maceration – e.g., grating – of the plant. The same compound is responsible for the pungency of horseradish and mustard. Allyl isothiocyanate can also be released when the wasabi plants have been damaged because it is being used as a defense mechanism. The sensory neural target of mustard oil is the chemosensory receptor, TRPA1, also known as the wasabi receptor.

The unique flavour of wasabi is a result of complex chemical mixtures from the broken cells of the plant, including those resulting from the hydrolysis of thioglucosides, including sinigrin and other glucosinolates, into glucose and methylthioalkyl isothiocyanates:

Because the burning sensations of wasabi are not oil-based, they are short-lived compared to the effects of capsaicin in chilli peppers and are washed away with more food or liquid. The sensation is felt primarily in the nasal passage and can be painful depending on the amount consumed. Inhaling or sniffing wasabi vapor has an effect like smelling salts, a property exploited by researchers attempting to create a smoke alarm for the deaf. One deaf subject participating in a test of the prototype awoke within 10 seconds of wasabi vapour sprayed into his sleeping chamber. The 2011 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the researchers for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi to wake people in the event of an emergency.

Nutritional information

Wasabi is normally consumed in such small quantities that its nutritional value is negligible. The major constituents of raw wasabi root are carbohydrates (23.5%), water (69.1%), fat (0.63%), and protein (4.8%).

Cultivation

thumb|Wasabi crop growing at [[Azumino, Nagano|Azumino, Nagano, Japan]]

Wasabi can be classified according to the style in which it is planted. "Field wasabi" (畑山葵, hatake wasabi) is wasabi grown in fields, and "water wasabi" (沢山葵, 水山葵; sawa wasabi) is cultivated in a semiaquatic system, in stream beds. In Japan, semiaquatic systems are traditionally used for cultivation. "Water wasabi" is valued for its large rhizome.

Few places are suitable for large-scale wasabi cultivation, which is difficult even in ideal conditions. In Japan, wasabi is cultivated mainly in these regions:

Izu Peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture ("Traditional Wasabi Cultivation in Shizuoka, Japan" is a Globally and Japanese Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage System)
Nagano Prefecture, including the Daio Wasabi Farm in Azumino (a popular tourist attraction and the world's largest commercial wasabi farm)
Iwate Prefecture
Shimane Prefecture, known for its Hikimi wasabi

Water wasabi

Traditional growing methods

Traditional wasabi growing methods generally make use of a stream of flowing water without recycling and a permeable medium (instead of soil). The oldest cultivation method, called the Jizawa style (地沢式 "ground pond style") involves the spreading of pebbles and sand on wasabi fields on steep terrain with an inclination of 3-4%. A variant is the Hokusun style (北寸式) of 1897, an improvement of Tatamiishi making use of drain pipes.

Optimal conditions for water wasabi

The optimal growth conditions for water wasabi include stable, constantly flowing cool water with high quantity of dissolved oxygen and shade. The optimal air temperature is in the range 8°C - 18°C, with some studies citing 12°C - 15°C as the ideal range. Air temperatures above 28°C lead to heat damage of the wasabi plant and soft rot (Erwinia sp.), while cold temperatures below 8°C can inhibit plant growth.

Ideal water temperature is 10°C - 13°C. Roots require sufficient oxygenation with levels above 9 ppm for good growing conditions. Such oxygenation levels occur when the water temperature is below 20°C.

Plant nutrients are supplied by flowing water. Nitrogen and sulfur are important nutrients for wasabi growth. Optimal wasabi growth has been documented with combined nitrogen supplementation with lower amounts of sulfur. Studies have found that nitrogen at concentrations of 300 mg/L and sulfur levels at 100 mg/L increased plant height, shoot development and rhizome growth.

Hydroponic experiments with two Japanese cultivars have shown that wasabi prefers low nutrient concentrations (optimal growth in 1/10–1/2 strength Hoagland solution), with a 50:50 ratio of ammonium to nitrate nitrogen producing the best results, and an optimal pH around 6.0 leading to the highest shoot, root, and rhizome growth. The nutrient solution should be continuously aerated and renewed weekly under greenhouse conditions. Overall, wasabi is considered ammonium-sensitive and nitrate-preferring, with a relatively low nutrient demand.

Field wasabi

Wasabi can also be grown on soil in cool areas, like in the wild-grown state. The result is called "field wasabi".

Cultivars

Modern cultivars of wasabi mostly derive from three traditional cultivars, 'Fujidaruma', 'Shimane No. 3' and 'Mazuma'. Sequencing of the chloroplastic genome, which is inherited maternally in wasabi, supports this conclusion.

Water and soil cultivation require different cultivars.

Economics of cultivation

Japan

thumb|Wasabi roots being sold in [[Azumino, Nagano|Azumino, Nagano]]

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ 2016 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes)

! rowspan="2" | Prefecture || colspan="2" |Cultivated in water|| colspan="2" |Cultivated in soil || colspan="3" |Total

! Rhizome || Leafstalk || Rhizome || Leafstalk || Rhizome || Leafstalk ||Total

|Nagano || 226.9 || 611.4 || 2.7 || 14.7 || 229.6 || 626.1 || 855.7

|Iwate || 8.2 || 5.5 || 16.0 || 488.4 || 24.2 || 493.9 || 518.1

|Shizuoka || 237.9 || 129.2 || - || 138.1 || 237.9 || 267.3 || 505.2

|Kochi || 0.1 || 0.1 || 26.7 || 45.8 || 26.8 || 45.9 || 72.7

|Shimane || 3.5 || 1.7 || 1.8 || 42.5 || 5.3 || 44.2 || 49.5

|Oita || 0.1 || 0.6 || 38.8 || 9.5 || 38.9 || 10.1 || 49.0

|Others || 32.9 || 59.7 || 46.4 || 76.3 || 79.3 || 136.0 || 215.3

!Total || 509.6 || 808.2 || 132.4 || 815.3 || 642.0 || 1,623.5 || 2,265.5

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ 2009 wasabi production in Japan (metric tonnes)

! rowspan="2" | Prefecture || colspan="2" |Cultivated in water|| colspan="2" |Cultivated in soil || colspan="3" |Total

! Rhizome || Leafstalk || Rhizome || Leafstalk || Rhizome || Leafstalk ||Total

! Shizuoka

| 295.1 || 638.2 || 4.5 || 232.3 || 299.6 || 870.5 || 1,170.1

! Nagano

| 316.8 || 739.2 || 7.2 || 16.8 || 324.0 || 756.0 || 1,080.0

! Iwate

| 8.8 || 1.5 || 2.4 || 620.5 || 11.2 || 622.0 || 633.2

! Shimane

| 2.4 || 10.1 || 9.0 || 113.0 || 11.4 || 123.1 || 134.5

! Oita

| 0.5 || 8.9 || – || 94.0 || 0.5 || 102.9 || 103.4

! Yamaguchi

| 2.5 || 2.2 || 22.5 || 54.2 || 25.0 || 56.4 || 81.4

! Others

| 65.8 || 48.1 || 61.7 || 108.0 || 127.5 || 156.1 || 283.6

! Total || 691.9 || 1,448.2 || 107.3 || 1,238.8 || 799.2 || 2,687.0 || 3,486.2

Numerous artificial cultivation facilities also exist as far north as Hokkaido and as far south as Kyushu. As the demand for real wasabi is higher than that which can be produced within Japan, Japan imports copious amounts of wasabi from the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Brazil, Thailand and New Zealand. Most wasabi produced outside of Japan is "field wasabi", i.e. planted in soil. According to China Central Television, Japan produced 1,900 metric tons of wasabi in 2022.

China

China mostly produces wasabi in the hilly Yunnan province. As of 2023, the leafstalk is worth CNY 3500 per metric ton and the rhizome is worth CNY 20000 per metric ton. One company in particular runs 134 hectares of fields and exported over 2,000 metric tons of products in 2017.

It is unclear what the total annual wasabi output of China is, nor the exact breakdown of water vs field wasabi. The Japanese ASUTA company grows water wasabi in Yunnan. and in areas of the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina and Tennessee. In Europe, wasabi is grown commercially in Iceland, the Netherlands, Hungary, and the UK.