thumb|The high desert in the Warm Springs Indian Reservation with [[Mount Jefferson (Oregon)|Mount Jefferson in the background]]
The Warm Springs Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation of in north-central Oregon, United States. Established by the Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon on June 25, 1855, it is governed by the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, a confederation of three peoples: the Wasco, Tenino, and Northern Paiute.
The reservation lies primarily in Wasco County and Jefferson County, roughly southeast of Portland. Its only significant population center is the community of Warm Springs, Oregon, which holds over 73 percent of the reservation's population. As of the 2000 census, the reservation had a total population of 3,314; as of 2003, tribal enrollment exceeded 4,200.
The reservation economy draws on hydroelectric power generation on the Deschutes River, timber operations through Warm Springs Forest Products Industries, and gaming at the Indian Head Casino on U.S. Route 26. Tribal members exercise treaty-protected fishing rights for salmon, steelhead, and sturgeon in the Columbia River and Deschutes River, rights affirmed by the Treaty of 1855 and upheld in federal court.
Tribes
right|thumb|250px|Three women photographed on the reservation in 1902
Three tribes form the confederation: the Wasco, Tenino, and Northern Paiute. Since 1938 they have been unified as the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs.
History
The reservation was created by treaty in 1855, which defined its boundaries as follows:
<blockquote>Commencing in the middle of the channel of the Deschutes River opposite the eastern termination of a range of high lands usually known as the Mutton Mountains; thence westerly to the summit of said range, along the divide to its connection with the Cascade Mountains; thence to the summit of said mountains; thence southerly to Mount Jefferson; thence down the main branch of Deschutes River; heading in this peak, to its junction with Deschutes River; and thence down the middle of the channel of said river to the place of beginning.</blockquote>
The Warm Springs and Wasco bands gave up ownership rights to a area, which they had inhabited for over 10,000 years, in exchange for basic health care, education, and other forms of assistance as outlined by the Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon (June 25, 1855). Other provisions of the Treaty of 1855 ensured that tribal members retained hunting and fishing rights in the "Natural and Accustomed Area" which they had vacated. These treaty hunting and fishing rights are rights that were retained by the tribe and are not "special rights" granted by the U.S. government.
In 1879, the U.S. government moved about 38 Paiutes to the reservation and around 70 more in 1884, despite that tribe's history of conflict with Columbia River tribes.
The borders of the reservation were under dispute for 101 years, during what became known as the McQuinn Strip boundary dispute. In 1871, a surveyor named T.B. Handley measured the land, determining that it was smaller than outlined in the treaty of 1855. The Warms Spring people objected and, in 1887, a surveyor named John A. McQuinn determined that they were correct; Handley had incorrectly measured the reservation's boundaries. By this time, settlers had moved onto the disputed land. The government offered the Warm Springs people a cash settlement for the land, but the Warms Springs people refused it. In 1972, Public Law 92-427 restored the land to the Warm Springs people.
Demographics
The 2000 census total population for the reservation was 3,314 inhabitants.
The reservation's only significant population center is the community of Warm Springs, Oregon (also known as the Warm Springs Agency). The 2020 census recorded 2,435 people in the Warm Springs census-designated place. As of 2003, the reservation was home to a tribal enrollment of over 4,200.
Culture
The Warm Springs Reservation is one of the last holdouts in the U.S. of speakers of the Chinook Jargon because of its utility as an intertribal language. The forms of the Jargon used by elders in Warm Springs vary considerably from the heavily creolized form at Grand Ronde.
Kiksht, Numu and Ichishkiin Snwit languages are taught in the Warm Springs Reservation schools.
The Museum at Warm Springs houses a large collection of Native North American artifacts. It was opened in 1993.
Economy
The biggest source of revenue for the tribes is hydroelectric (Warm Springs Power Enterprises) projects on the Deschutes River. The tribes also operate Warm Springs Forest Products Industries.
Many tribal members engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fisheries in the Columbia River for salmon, steelhead, and sturgeon. The Columbia Basin Initiative aims to improve salmon-fishing for the tribe. Tribal members also fish for salmon and steelhead for subsistence purposes in the Deschutes River, primarily at Sherars Falls. Tribal members also harvest Pacific lamprey at Sherars Falls and Willamette Falls. The tribe's fishing rights are protected by treaty and re-affirmed by court cases such as Sohappy v. Smith and United States v. Oregon.
Tourism
In 1964, the first part of the Kah-nee-ta resort was completed – Kah-nee-ta Village – a lodging complex with a motel, cottages, and tipis. The resort eventually included a lodge, casino, convention center, and golf course. Due to lack of rentability, the resort was closed in September 2018.
thumb|The Indian Head Casino
The Indian Head Casino on U.S. Route 26 opened in February 2012. It has of gaming space, with 500 slot machines and 8 blackjack tables. The tribes expect the casino to net $9 to 12 million annually. The casino previously operated at Kah-Nee-Ta, where it had only 300 slot machines and made $2 to 4 million a year. The new location was intended to be more accessible to travelers, since Kah-Nee-Ta is located about a half an hour from Highway 26.
Other business ventures
In 2016, the tribe's lumber mill on Highway 26 near the village of Warm Springs shut down after decades of declining output. A tribal entity, Warm Springs Ventures, subsequently proposed three new revenue streams: cannabis cultivation, extraction, and distribution; drone operator training, certification, and manufacture; and a carbon offset program selling offsets to major industrial polluters. The Federal Aviation Administration awarded the tribe the right to certify drone operators in 2016. The cannabis project was approved by tribal vote but faced administrative and funding challenges as of October 2016.
Ecology
Biologists of the Confederated Tribe of the Warm Springs have assisted the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in tracking the repopulation of wolves in Oregon. Wolves are dispersing into territory where they have not lived for decades including the northern Cascades region. The biologists fitted a young wolf with a radio collar in June 2020; by February 2021, the two-year-old male had left his White River pack and became the 16th documented gray wolf in the repopulation of wolves in California when he reached Mono County, east of Yosemite National Park in the central Sierra Nevada. Two adult wolves were found on the reservation in December 2021 by the biologists and two pups were caught on a trail camera in August 2022. These resident wolves brought the total number of known wolf groups in the region to three.
Infrastructure
Water from the Deschutes River goes through a treatment facility and serves around 3,800 people.
Gallery
<gallery widths=200>
File:A Road in Warm Spring Reservation.jpg| View of a road in the Warm Springs Reservation
File:Road_to_Kah-Nee-Ta_Resort_--_2.jpg| Road to the now-closed Kah-Nee-Ta Resort
File:Mount_Hood_(as_seen_from_Warm_Springs_Reservation).jpg| Mount Hood (as seen from the reservation)
File:Mount Jefferson (as seen from Warm Springs Reservation).jpg|Mount Jefferson (as seen from the reservation)
</gallery>
References
External links
- Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs
- Text of Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon, 1855 (PDF) from the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
- Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission — member tribes include the Warm Springs