Votians, also referred to as Votes, Vots and Vods (; ; ; ) are a Finnic ethnic group native to historical Ingria, the part of modern-day northwestern Russia that is roughly southwest of Saint Petersburg and east of the Estonian border-town of Narva. The Finnic Votic language spoken by Votians is close to extinction. The language is still spoken in three villages of historical Votia and by an unknown number of speakers in the countryside. The villages are Jõgõperä (Krakolye), Liivcülä (Peski), and Luuditsa (Luzhitsy). In the Russian 2020 census, 99 people identified as Votian.

Votians were one of the founding people of Veliky Novgorod.

In 2002–2005, within the framework of the activities of the Votian Cultural Society, modern symbols of Votes were developed: a coat of arms and a flag. The Votian flag is a wedge-shaped white field with a red cross and two blue triangles on the edges. The white wedge symbolizes the land of Votians, and the blue triangles the waters of Lake Peipus and the Gulf of Finland, between which the Votian land was located. The red cross on the white wedge symbolizes the memory of the ancestors.

History

thumb|300px|A map of Votic and neighbouring Ingrian-Finnish and Izhorian villages 1848–2007.

Votians are the oldest known ethnic group in Ingria. They are probably descended from an Iron-age population of north-eastern Estonia and western Ingria. Some scholars claim they were a tribe of Estonians, who developed a separate identity during isolation from other Estonians. It is speculated the ancient Estonian county of Vaiga got its name from Votians.

In 1069, the Votes were mentioned taking part in an attack on the Novgorod Republic by the Principality of Polotsk. Eventually the Votes became part of the Novgorod Republic, and in 1149 they were mentioned taking part in an attack by Novgorod against ', who are speculated to be peoples of Tavastia. One of the administrative divisions of Novgorod, Voch'skaa, was named after Votes. After the collapse of Novgorod in the 1470s, the Grand Principality of Moscow deported many Votes from their homelands, and began more aggressive conversion of them. Missionary efforts started in 1534, after Novgorod's archbishop Macarius complained to Ivan IV that Votes were still practicing their pagan beliefs. Macarius was authorized to send monk Ilja to convert the Votes. Ilja destroyed many of the old holy shrines and worshipping places. Conversion was slow and the next archbishop had to send priest Nikifor to continue Ilja's work. Slowly Votes were converted and they became devoted Christians.

Sweden controlled Ingria in the 17th century, and attempts to convert local Orthodox believers to the Lutheran faith caused some of the Orthodox population to migrate elsewhere. At the same time many Finnish peoples immigrated to Ingria. Religion separated the Lutheran Finns and Estonians and the Orthodox Izhorians and Votes, so intermarriage was uncommon between these groups. Votes mainly married other Votes, or Izhorians and Russians. They were mostly trilingual in Votic, Ingrian and Russian. but in the Soviet Russian census of 1926 there were only 705 left. From the early 20th century on, the Votic language no longer passed to following generations.

As a distinct people, Votes have become practically extinct after Stalinist dispersion to distant Soviet provinces as 'punishment' for alleged disloyalty and cowardice during World War II. Expellees allowed to return in 1956 found their old homes occupied by Russians. There have been some conflicts with Votic villagers and foresters, and in 2001 the Votic museum was burned in the village of Lužitsõ. Another possible problem is a port which is being constructed to Ust-Luga. It is planned that some 35,000 people would move near historic Votic and Izhoran villages.<timeline>

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Votes in Latvia

[[image:Kreevinit.JPG|150px|thumb|right

|Latvian Votes in their national costumes, drawn by de Pauly]]

The Votes in Latvia were called krieviņi in Latvian. The word comes from krievs, which means "Russian". Historical sources indicate the Teutonic Knights led by Vinke von Overberg captured many people in Ingermanland during their attack there in 1444–1447, and moved them to Bauska, where a workforce was needed to build a castle. It is estimated that some 3,000 people were transferred there. After the castle was built, the Votes did not go back, but were settled in the vicinity of Bauska and became farmers. Gradually, they forgot their own language and customs and were assimilated by the neighboring Latvians. Latvian poet Jānis Rainis had some Votic roots.

Some modern people in Latvia around Bauska, with historic Krevinian ancestry still wish to identify with Votians and there has been new interest in Votian culture among them. There also exists a Votic museum in Latvia.

Votes in Estonia

Votians used to live largely within the Narva region. Votes largely mixed with the Estonians, there exists information about Christians called poluverniki ("half believers"), who mixed Orthodoxy and Lutheranism, this form of Christianity was practiced due to Orthodox Votians mixing with the Lutheran Estonians. Paul Ariste found that the Votic language influenced many Northern Estonian dialects. Today Estonia still has Votian cultural events in Narva.

Genetics

According to a 2024 study, the majority of Votians belong to the paternal haplogroup R1a. Their second most common haplogroup is N1c, which is typical for Finno-Ugric peoples. A small proportion of Votes have haplogroup I2a1. When comparing the paternal lineages (combination of ancient haplogroups)<!-- If that's not the case please elaborate and include a quoted phrase in the citation. --> of Votians to other Baltic-Finnic groups living in Russia and Slavic Central Russians, they are closer to the latter. However, in terms of autosomal DNA, they resemble other Baltic Finns, especially Izhorians and Ingrian Finns, and differ from Central Russians.

References

  • VAĐĐA TODAY, is an open project run as a NGO aimed to popularize Votes' culture among the Internet community.