A voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , , , or, in broad transcription, . There is also a ligature , which was retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. An alternative commonly used in Americanist tradition is .
Historically, often derives from a former voiceless velar stop (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features
Features of a voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | Adyghe || /čamë/چەمہـ || || 'cow'
|Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
|-
| colspan="2" | Albanian || || || 'opened' ||
|-
| Aleut || Atkan dialect || || || 'to wash' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Amharic || /anči || || 'you' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | Arabic || Central Palestinian || <small>(Normally unwritten)/mačtabe</small> || || 'library' || rowspan="3" | Corresponds to in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology
|-
| Iraqi || /čitaab || || rowspan="2" | 'book'
|-
| Jordanian || <small>(Normally unwritten)/čitaab</small> ||
|-
|colspan=2| Aragonese || || || 'game' ||
|-
| Armenian || Eastern || /čënčquk|| || 'sparrow' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Assyrian || ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama|| || 'to shut' || Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/.
|-
|colspan=2| Asturian || || || 'Cyprus' || Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x .
|-
| colspan="2" | Azerbaijani || /اکینچی || || 'the ploughman' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Bengali || /čošma || || 'spectacles' || Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Basque || || || 'boat' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Bulgarian || /čučuliga |||| 'lark' || See Bulgarian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Catalan || || ||'car' || See Catalan phonology.
|-
| colspan="2" | Central Alaskan Yup'ik || || || 'parka hood' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Choctaw || || || 'tobacco' ||
|-
| Coptic || Bohairic dialect || /čoh || || 'touch' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Czech || || || 'guinea pig' || See Czech phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Dhivehi
|ޗަކަސް / čakas
|
|'mud'
|Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
|-
| colspan="2" | Dutch || Tjongejonge || || 'jeez' || An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.
Pronunciation is region dependent.
|-
| colspan="2" | English || beach || || 'beach' || Slightly labialized . See English phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Esperanto || || || 'because'|| See Esperanto phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Estonian
|
|[ˈtʃelˑo]
|'cello'
|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Faroese || || || 'to do' || Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Finnish
|
|[ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi]
|'Czechia'
|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" | French || Standard || || || 'rubber' || Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology
|-
| Acadian || tiens|| || '(I/you) keep' || Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
|-
| colspan="2" | Galician || || || 'full' || Galician-Portuguese is conserved in Galician and merged with in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Georgian || /čixi |||| 'impasse'||
|-
| German || Standard || || || 'bye' || Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. || || || 'hi' || See Italian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Javanese || //چۤڎَاك || || 'near' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Kʼicheʼ || || || 'Kʼicheʼ' || Contrasts with ejective form
|-
| colspan="2" | Kabardian || /čanž/چەنژ || || 'shallow' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Kashmiri|| /cāy/ || || 'tea' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Kashubian || czësto
||| 'cleanly'||
|-
| colspan="2"| Kharia || || || 'side' || A low-tone pitch in the first syllable, then gradually turns high in the second one. See Anderson (2014) for discussion.
|-
| colspan="2" | Khortha || || || 'mark' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Kurdish || /هرچ || || 'bear' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Ladino || || || 'quilt' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Macedonian || || || 'wait' || See Macedonian phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" |Malay
| Malaysian
| rowspan="2" |/چوچي
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |'to wash'
|See Malay phonology
|-
| Indonesian ||Palatal according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Malayalam
|ചതി/chathi
|
|'betrayal'
|See Malayalam phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Maltese || || || 'bleach' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Manx || || || 'lord' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Marathi || /čahá|||| 'tea' || Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
|-
|Mongolian
|Khalkha dialect
|наргиж/nargič<br>
|
|'laugh'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | Nahuatl || || || 'armadillo' ||
|-
| Norwegian || Some dialects || || || 'kitchen' || See Norwegian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Nunggubuyu || jaro || || 'needle' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Occitan || || || 'juice' || See Occitan phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Odia || /caka || || 'wheel' || Contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
| colspan="2" | Persian|| /чӯб/çub ||||'wood'|| See Persian phonology
|-
| rowspan="5" | Polish || Gmina Istebna || rowspan="5" | || rowspan="5" | || rowspan="5" | 'dark' || rowspan="5" | and merge into in these dialects. In standard Polish, is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate.
|-
| Lubawa dialect
|-
| Malbork dialect||'|||| 'present' || Allophone of before (including when is not actually produced) and other instances of (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
|-
| Most dialects || || || 'bye' || In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
|-
| colspan="2" | Punjabi || / /čol || || 'rice' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Quechua || chunka || || 'ten' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |Romani
|
|
|'bird'
|Contrasts with aspirated form.
|-
| colspan="2" | Romanian || || || 'sky' || See Romanian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Rotuman || || || 'to flee' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Russian || || || 'person' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic || || || 'health' || Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
|-
|| Serbo-Croatian || Some speakers || || || 'chocolate' || In varieties that do not distinguish from .
|-
| rowspan="2" | Silesian || Gmina Istebna || rowspan="2"| szpańelsko || [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ]|| rowspan="2"| 'Spanish'|| rowspan="2" | These dialects merge and into .
|-
| Jablunkov || || || 'chocolate' || See Spanish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Swahili || || /جِيچٗ || 'eye'||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Swedish || Finland || ' || || 'twenty' || rowspan="2" | See Swedish phonology
|-
| Some rural Swedish dialects || || || 'love'
|-
| colspan="2" | Tagalog || || || 'driver' || See Tagalog phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Tlingit || || || 'ten'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Turkish || || || 'very' || See Turkish phonology
|-
| colspan="2"| Tyap || || || 'love' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Ubykh || /čëbžëya || || 'pepper' || See Ubykh phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Ukrainian || /čotyry || || 'four' || See Ukrainian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Uzbek || /چۉل || || 'desert' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Welsh || || || 'chips' || Occurs in loanwords. See Welsh phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Yiddish || || || 'knick-knack' || See Yiddish phonology
|-
| Zapotec|| Tilquiapan || || || ||
|}
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate ; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use .
Related characters
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
- is an IPA superscript letter
- is used in phonetic transcription
- has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish
Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | English || Australian || rowspan=3 | tree || || rowspan=3 | 'tree' || rowspan=3 | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence . In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar . See Australian English phonology and English phonology
|-
| General American||
|-
| Received Pronunciation||
|-
| Scottish Gaelic
| Lewis
| sitrich
|
| 'to neigh'
| Palato-alveolar. Phonetic realization of after palatal or palatalised consonants in medial clusters.
|}