A voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate, or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "j" sound in "jump".
This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , , , or in some broad transcriptions . There is also a ligature , which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives used in the Americanist tradition are , , and .
Features
Features of a voiced postalveolar affricate:
Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | Abkhaz || || ||'steel'|| See Abkhaz phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Adyghe || || || 'dress'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Albanian|| || || 'glass'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Amharic|| || || 'injera'||
|-
| rowspan="2" | Arabic||Modern Standard|| || || 'bell' || In other standards and dialects, corresponds to or . See Arabic phonology
|-
|Hejazi
|
|
|'pocket'
|Pronounced by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" | Armenian || Eastern || || ||'water'||
|-
| Western || ճանճ|| ||'musca (fly)'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Assyrian|| ܓ̰ܝܪܐ s|| || 'to pee'|| Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. is used in other varieties.
|-
| colspan="2" |Azerbaijani || can || ||'soul'||
|-
| colspan="2" |Bengali || জল || ||'water'|| Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
|-
| colspan=2| Bulgarian || || || 'dwarf' || See Bulgarian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Catalan || || || 'judge'|| See Catalan phonology
|-
| colspan="2"| Chechen || / || || 'previously married woman'||
|-
| rowspan="1" | Chinese ||Quzhou dialect || 重 / zon || ||'heavy'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Coptic || Coptic alphabet| || || 'that' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Czech || || || 'jug' || See Czech phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Dhivehi
|ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu
|
|'germs'
|See Dhivehi phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Dutch || jeans|| [d͡ʒiːns] || 'jeans' || Some say [ʒiːns]. Occurs mainly in loanwords.
|-
| colspan="2" | English || jeans|| [ˈd͡ʒiːnz]|| 'jeans' || See English phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Esperanto || || || 'food' || See Esperanto phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Estonian
|
|[ˈd̥ʒæsː]
|'jazz'
|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Finnish
|
|[ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi]
|'junk (ship)'
|Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | French || || || 'addition' || Rare. Also occurs in loanwords. See French phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Georgian || || || 'pocket'||
|-
| German || Standard || || || 'jungle' || Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. || || || 'gem'|| occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels , and , while when 'G' is in front of vowels , , and the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
|-
| colspan="2" | Kabyle || lǧiran || || 'the neighbors' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Kashmiri
|
|
| 'animal'
|
|-
| colspan="2" | Kashubian || dłudżi || || 'long' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Khortha || || || 'maize' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | Kurdish || Northern || || || 'lung' || rowspan="3" |See Kurdish phonology
|-
|Central
| rowspan="2" red |
|
| rowspan="2" |'liver'
|-
|Southern
|
|-
| colspan="2" | Kyrgyz || / || || 'bad' || See Kyrgyz phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Ladino || || || 'Jew'
|-
| colspan="2" | Latvian || || || 'thistles' || See Latvian phonology
|-
| Limburgish || Hasselt dialect || || || 'Eugene' || See Hasselt dialect phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Lithuanian || || || 'gladsome' || See Lithuanian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Macedonian|| || || 'sweater'|| See Macedonian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Malay || || || 'evil' ||
|-
| colspan="2" |Malayalam
|ജീവൻ/jeevan
|
|'life'
|See Malayalam phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Maltese || || || 'collection' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Manchu|| ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe || || 'two'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Marathi|| || || 'victory' || Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" | Occitan ||Languedocien ||rowspan="2" | || || rowspan="2"| 'young'|| rowspan="2" |See Occitan phonology
|-
| Provençal ||
|-
| colspan="2" |Odia || ଜମି/jami || ||'land'|| Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Ojibwe || iijikiwenh|| || 'brother'|| See Ojibwe phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Pashto || || ||'high'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Persian|| || || 'where'|| See Persian phonology
|-
| rowspan="6" | Polish || Standard || || || 'number' ||
|-
| Gmina Istebna || rowspan="5" | || rowspan="5" | || rowspan="5" | 'strange' || rowspan="5" | and merge into in these dialects. In standard Polish, is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
|-
| Lubawa dialect
|-
| Malbork dialect || || || 'big'|| Allophone of before (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
|-
|Most dialects || || || 'jambalaya' || In free variation with in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Romanian || || || 'frost'|| See Romanian phonology
|-
| Sardinian ||Campidanese || || || 'son-in-law'||
|-
| colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic || || || 'God'|| See Scottish Gaelic phonology
|-
| rowspan="3" | Serbo-Croatian || Some speakers || / || || 'jam' || May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
|-
| Bosnian || rowspan="2" | / || rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | 'devil' || rowspan="2" | Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge and , either to or laminal .
|-
| Croatian
|-
| rowspan="2" | Silesian || Gmina Istebna || || || || rowspan="2" | These dialects merge and into .
|-
| Jablunkov
|-
| colspan="2" | Tagalog || || || 'there' || Used to pronounce the multigraphs and in native words and in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
|-
| colspan="2" | Tamil || || || 'ginger' || Allophone of after natively; also occurs in loans, but the standard form tends to merge to or elsewhere. See Tamil phonology.
|-
|Tatar
|Mishar Dialect
|can / җан
|
|'soul'
|In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter <c/җ> is [].
|-
| colspan="2" | Turkish || || || 'pain' || See Turkish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Turkmen || || || 'ravine' ||
|-
|colspan="2" | Tyap || || || 'hippopotamus' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Ubykh || amcan || || || See Ubykh phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Ukrainian || || || 'source' || See Ukrainian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Uyghur || / || || 'desk' || See Uyghur phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Uzbek || / || || 'world' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Welsh || || || 'chip shop' || Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of . See Colloquial Welsh morphology
|-
| colspan="2" | West Frisian || || || 'to sow' || See West Frisian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Yiddish || || ||'insect' || See Yiddish phonology
|-
| Zapotec || Tilquiapan || dxan || || 'god' ||
|}
Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
- Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | English || Australian || rowspan=3 | dream || || rowspan=3 | 'dream' || rowspan=3 | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence . In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar . See Australian English phonology and English phonology
|-
| General American ||
|-
| Received Pronunciation ||
|}
See also
- Index of phonetics articles