A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. There are several types of median affricates with significant perceptual differences:
- A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is the most common type, similar to the ds in English lads.
- A voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate – or , using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, – is found, for example, in some dialects of English and Italian.
- A voiced retracted alveolar sibilant affricate or .
Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
A voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with or . The tie bar may be omitted, yielding . There is also a ligature , which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used.
Features
Features of a voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:
- The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
- There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
- Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of is very strong.
- Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to or laminal .
Occurrence
The following sections are named after the fricative component.
Dentalized laminal alveolar
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| Armenian || Eastern || /dzuk || || 'fish' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Belarusian || / || || 'paintbrush' || Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Bulgarian
|скръндза
|[skrɤndzа]
|'skinflint', 'miser'
|See Bulgarian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Czech || || || 'an Afghan was' || Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Hungarian || || || 'elderberry' || See Hungarian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Japanese
| 雀/suzume
|[s̪ɯd̻͡z̪ɯme̞]
|'sparrow'
|See Japanese phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Kashubian || || || 'where' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Latvian || || || 'fever' || See Latvian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Macedonian || / || || 'star' || See Macedonian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Montenegrin || || || 'jujube' || See Montenegrin phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Pashto || || || 'youth' 'young' || See Pashto phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Polish || || || 'bell' || See Polish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Russian || / || || 'bridgehead' || Allophone of before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Serbo-Croatian || || || 'father would' || Allophone of before voiced consonants. || || || 'barber shaves' || Allophone of before voiced consonants in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
|-
|colspan=2| Tyap || || || 'buffalo' ||
|-
| colspan="2" | Ukrainian || || || 'bell' || Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Upper Sorbian || || || || Allophone of before voiced consonants. || /dzvali || || 'bone'||
|-
| Hebrew || Some speakers || /mitzvah || || 'commandment' || Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonant. See Modern Hebrew phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Luxembourgish || || || 'to go for a walk' || Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words. See Luxembourgish phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Marathi
|जोर/dzor
|
|'force'
|Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [<nowiki/>d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one.
|-
| colspan="2" |Ollari
|jōnel
|
|'maize'
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Nepali
| /ādza
|
| 'today'
| Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonology
|-
| colspan="2" |Naiki
|jūrol
|
|'cricket'
|
|-
|rowspan=3| Portuguese || European || || || 'challenge' ||rowspan=2| Allophone of before , or assimilation due to the deletion of . Increasingly used in Brazil.
|-
| Brazilian See Portuguese phonology
|-
| Romanian|| Moldavian dialects || || || 'say' || Corresponds to in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
|-
| colspan=2| Telugu
| /dzata
|
| 'pair, set'
|
|-
| Teochew|| Swatow || /jitpun || || 'Japan' ||
|-
| colspan=2| Toda
|
|
| 'five'
|
|}
Retracted alveolar
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | Catalan || || || 'twelve' || Apical. See Catalan phonology
|-
| rowspan="2" | Occitan || Gascon || rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | || rowspan="2" | 'message' || rowspan="2" | Laminal in other dialects. Varies with in some words.
|-
| Languedocien
|-
| colspan="2" | Piedmontese || || || 'goodbye' ||
|-
| Sardinian || Central dialects || || || 'lunch' ||
|}
Variable
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | Greek || || || 'fireplace' || Varies between retracted and non-retracted, depending on the environment. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. See Modern Greek phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Italian || || || 'zero' || The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | Montenegrin || || || 'haystack' || Varies between dentalized laminal and sibilant affricate. See Montenegrin phonology
|-
| colspan="2" | West Frisian || || || 'shake' || Laminal; varies between retracted and non-retracted. Phonemically, it is a stop–fricative sequence. The example word also illustrates . See West Frisian phonology
|}
Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
Features
Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| Dutch || Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect || colspan="3" align="center" | || A possible realization of word-final, non-pre-pausal .
|-
| rowspan=2 | English || General American || rowspan=2 | dream || rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 'dream' || rowspan=2 | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence ; more commonly postalveolar . See English phonology
|-
| Received Pronunciation
|-
| Italian || Sicily || || || 'the Adriatic Sea' || Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence , and can be realized as the sequence instead. See Italian phonology
|}
See also
- Voiced dental affricate
- List of phonetics topics