The Senate of Virginia is the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The Senate is composed of 40 senators representing an equal number of single-member constituent districts. The Senate is presided over by the lieutenant governor of Virginia. Prior to the American War of Independence, the upper house of the General Assembly was represented by the Virginia Governor's Council, consisting of up to 12 executive counselors appointed by the colonial royal governor as advisers and jurists.
The lieutenant governor presides daily over the Virginia Senate. In the lieutenant governor's absence, the president pro tempore presides, usually a powerful member of the majority party. The Senate is equal with the House of Delegates, the lower chamber of the legislature, except that taxation bills must originate in the House, similar to the federal U.S. Congress. The 40 senatorial districts in Virginia elect their representatives every four years on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. The last election took place in November 2023. There are no term limits for senators. The Senate also employs 36 pages (ages 13–14) to help with daily tasks during each general session in a full-time residential program of high regard.
thumb|Partisan makeup of the Virginia State Senate, 1900–2019
History
The Senate of Virginia was created by the 1776 Constitution of Virginia, and originally consisted of twenty-four members. Along with the House of Delegates, the Senate comprised a new bicameral legislature designed to replace the colonial Virginia House of Burgesses, which formally dissolved on May 6, 1776. The Senate replaced the legislative functions of the appointed Virginia Council of State.
Pursuant to the original Virginia Constitution, the Senate was only permitted to file amendments, while the House of Delegates had the power to propose bills. Accordingly, the Senate had far less power than the House, until the revised Virginia constitution of 1851 allowed the Senate to propose new laws.
In the 2007 elections, the Democratic Party reclaimed the majority in the Senate for the first time since 1995, when the Republican Party gained a 20–20 split. The Republicans took control of the Senate for the first time in history after a January 1998 special election. The 2011 elections resulted in a 20–20 split between the parties, but as the tie breaker was Republican lieutenant governor Bill Bolling, the Republicans effectively regained control.
After the 2013 elections, Democratic state senator Ralph Northam became the lieutenant governor, but the Democrats did not regain control of the chamber until January 28, 2014, following a series of special elections including that of Northam's vacated 6th district seat. The Democratic majority would prove short-lived, however, as Senator Phil Puckett (D-38th) resigned, effective June 8, handing the GOP a majority of 20 to 19. The Republicans solidified their majority following a special election win on August 19, 2014, which increased their total number of seats to 21.
The Democratic Party regained control of Senate after the 2019 election and new members were sworn into office on January 8, 2020. As the legislative session opened, L. Louise Lucas was elected as the first female and first African American president pro tempore.
Salary and qualifications
The annual salary for senators is $18,000 per year. To qualify for office, senators must be at least 21 years of age at the time of the election, residents of the district they represent, and qualified to vote for General Assembly legislators. The regular session of the General Assembly is 60 days long during even numbered years and 30 days long during odd numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses.
Composition
Historical composition
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
!rowspan=3|Affiliation
!colspan=2|Party <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates majority caucus)</div>
|- style="height:5px"
| style="background-color:" |
| style="background-color:" |
|-
!Democratic
!Republican
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1900–1904
||38
|2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1904–1916
||35
|5
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1916–1920
||36
|4
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1920–1924
||34
|6
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1924–1928
||39
|1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1928–1944
||38
|2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1944–1948
||37
|3
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1948–1952
||38
|2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1952–1960
||37
|3
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1960–1964
||38
|2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1964–1968
||37
|3
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1968–1970
||34
|6
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1970–1974
||33
|7
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1974–1976
||34
|6
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1976–1978
||35
|5
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1978–1980
||34
|6
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1980–1984
||31
|9
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1984–1988
||32
|8
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1988–1992
||30
|10
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1992–1996
||22
|18
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|1996–2000
|20
||20
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2000–2004
|19
||21
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2004–2008
|17
||23
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2008–2012
| |22
| 18
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2012–2016
| 20
| |20
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2016–2020
| 19
| |21
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2020–2024
| |22
| 18
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2024–2028
| |21
| 19
|-
|}
Current session
{| style="width:50%"
|-
| scope="row" colspan="3" style="text-align:center" |
|-
| scope="row" style="background:#F33; width:19.0%; text-align:center; color:white" | 19
| style="background:#33F; width:21.0%; text-align:center; color:white" | 21
|-
| scope="row" style="text-align:center; color:#F33" | Republican
| style="text-align:center; color:#33F" | Democratic
|}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:bottom;"
!rowspan=3|Affiliation
! colspan="3" |Party <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates majority caucus)</div>
!rowspan=3|Total
!
|- style="height:5px"
| style="background-color:" |
| style="background-color:" |
|
| style="background-color:black"|
|-
!Democratic
!Republican
!AC
!Vacant
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2016–2020 legislative session
| rowspan=2|19
| colspan="2" |21
! 40
| 0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End
| colspan="2" |20
! 39
|1
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|2020–2024 legislative session
|| 21
|18
|rowspan=2| 1
! 40
| 0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|End
|| 22
| 16
! 39
| 1
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Start of 2024–2028 legislative session
|| 21
|19
|rowspan=6|0
! 40
| 0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|January 3, 2025
|| 20
|18
! 38
| 2
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|January 15, 2025
| rowspan=2| 21
|rowspan=4|19
! rowspan=2|40
| rowspan=2|0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|January 17, 2026
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|February 17, 2026
|| 20
! 39
| 1
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|February 18, 2026
|| 21
! 40
| 0
|-
!nowrap style="font-size:80%"|Latest voting share
!|
!
! colspan=3|
|}[[File:VirginiaSen2024Comp.svg|none|thumb|500x500px|Senate districts and party affiliation after the 2023 election
]]
Leadership
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
| | Lieutenant Governor || Ghazala Hashmi
|-
| | President pro tempore || L. Louise Lucas
|-
| | Majority Leader || Scott Surovell
|-
| | Majority Whip || Barbara Favola
|-
| | Minority Leader || Ryan McDougle
|-
| | Minority Whip || Bill Stanley (politician)
|}
Committee chairs and ranking members
The Senate of Virginia has 10 Standing Committees and a Committee on Rules.
{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Committee !! | Chair !! | Ranking Minority Member
|- align = center
| Agriculture, Conservation and Natural Resources ||Dave Marsden||
|- align = center
| Commerce and Labor ||Creigh Deeds||
|- align = center
| Courts of Justice||Scott Surovell||
|- align = center
| Education and Health ||TBD||
|- align = center
| Finance and Appropriations ||L. Louise Lucas||
|- align = center
| General Laws and Technology ||TBD||
|- align = center
| Local Government ||Jeremy McPike||
|- align = center
| Privileges and Elections ||Aaron Rouse||
|- align = center
| Rehabilitation and Social Services ||Barbara Favola||
|- align = center
| Rules ||Mamie Locke||
|- align = center
| Transportation ||Jennifer Boysko||
|}
Members
{|class= "sortable wikitable"
|-
!rowspan=2 |District
!rowspan=2 |Name
!rowspan=2 |Party
!colspan=2 |Areas represented
!rowspan=2 |Start
|-
!Counties<!-- column 1+2+3 occupied -->
!Cities
|-
|1
|
| |Republican
|Clarke, Frederick, Shenandoah, Warren
|Winchester
|2023
|-
|2
|
| |Republican
|Augusta (part), Bath, Highland, Page, Rockingham
|Harrisonburg
|2003
|-
|3
|
| |Republican
|Alleghany, Augusta (part), Bedford (part), Botetourt, Craig, Roanoke (part), Rockbridge
|Buena Vista, Covington, Lexington, Staunton, Waynesboro
|2023
|-
|4
|
| |Republican
|Montgomery (part), Roanoke (part)
|Roanoke, Salem
|2015
|-
|5
|
| |Republican
|Bland, Giles, Montgomery (part), Pulaski, Smyth, Tazewell, Wythe (part)
|Radford
|2021 (special)
|-
|6
|
| |Republican
|Buchanan, Dickenson, Lee, Russell, Scott, Washington, Wise
|Bristol, Norton
|2019
|-
|7
|
| |Republican
|Carroll, Floyd, Franklin, Grayson, Henry, Patrick, Wythe (part)
|Martinsville, Galax
|2011 (special)
|-
|8
|
| |Republican
|Bedford (part), Campbell
|Lynchburg
|2017 (special)
|-
|9
|
| |Republican
|Charlotte, Halifax, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nottoway, Pittsylvania, Prince Edward (part)
|align=center |Danville
|2024 (special)
|-
|10
|
| |Republican
|Amelia, Appomattox, Buckingham, Cumberland, Fluvanna, Goochland, Hanover (part), Henrico (part), Louisa (part), Powhatan, Prince Edward (part)
|
|2025 (special)
|-
|11
|
| |Democratic
|Albemarle, Amherst, Louisa (part), Nelson
|Charlottesville
|2001 (special)
|-
|12
|
| |Republican
|Chesterfield (part)
|Colonial Heights
|2015
|-
|13
|
||Democratic
|Charles City, Dinwiddie (part), Henrico (part), Prince George, Surry, Sussex
|Hopewell, Petersburg
|2023
|-
|14
|
||Democratic
|Henrico (part)
|Richmond (part)
|2023 (special)
|-
|15
|Michael Jones
| |Democratic
|Chesterfield (part)
|Richmond (part)
|2026 (special)
|-
|16
|
| |Democratic
|Henrico (part)
|
|2023
|-
|17
|
| |Republican
|Brunswick, Dinwiddie (part), Greensville, Isle of Wight, Southampton
|Chesapeake (part), Emporia, Franklin, Portsmouth (part), Suffolk
|2023
|-
|18
|
| |Democratic
|
|Chesapeake (part), Portsmouth (part)
|1991
|-
|19
|
| |Republican
|
|Chesapeake (part), Virginia Beach (part)
|2023
|-
|20
|
| |Republican
|Accomack, Northampton
|Norfolk (part), Virginia Beach (part)
|2015
|-
|21
|
| |Democratic
|
|Norfolk (part)
|2023
|-
|22
|
| |Democratic
|
|Virginia Beach (part)
|2023 (special)
|-
|23
|
| |Democratic
|
|Hampton, Newport News (part)
|2003
|-
|24
|
| |Republican
|James City (part), York
|Newport News (part), Poquoson, Williamsburg
|2023
|-
|25
|
| |Republican
|Caroline, Essex, King & Queen (part), King George, King William, Lancaster, Middlesex, Northumberland, Richmond, Spotsylvania (part), Westmoreland
|
|2007
|-
|26
|
| |Republican
|Gloucester, Hanover (part), James City (part), King & Queen (part), Mathews, New Kent
|
|2006 (special)
|-
|27
|
| |Republican
|Spotsylvania (part), Stafford (part)
|Fredericksburg
|2023
|-
|28
|
| |Republican
|Culpeper, Fauquier (part), Greene, Madison, Orange, Rappahannock, Spotsylvania (part)
|
|2011
|-
|29
|
| |Democratic
|Prince William (part), Stafford (part)
|
|2015
|-
|30
|
| |Democratic
|Prince William (part)
|Manassas, Manassas Park
|2023
|-
|31
|
| |Democratic
|Fauquier (part), Loudoun (part)
|
|2023
|-
|32
|
| |Democratic
|Loudoun (part)
|
|2025 (special)
|-
|33
|
| |Democratic
|Fairfax (part), Prince William (part)
|
|2023
|-
|34
|
| |Democratic
|Fairfax (part)
|
|2015
|-
|35
|
| |Democratic
|Fairfax (part)
|
|2010 (special)
|-
|36
|
| |Democratic
|Fairfax (part)
|
|2023
|-
|37
|
| |Democratic
|Fairfax (part)
|Fairfax, Falls Church
|2023
|-
|38
|
| |Democratic
|Fairfax (part)
|
|2019 (special)
|-
|39
|
| |Democratic
|Arlington (part), Fairfax (part)
|Alexandria
|2026 (special)
|-
|40
|
| |Democratic
|Arlington (part)
|
|2011
|}
District map
thumb|800px|Virginia Senate District Map (2023)|left|border
Coat of arms
The Senate of Virginia has its own coat of arms designed and granted by the College of Arms in England. and the dragon (part of the Elizabethan royal seal of England) represent Virginia's European heritage.
Past composition of the Senate
See also
- List of Virginia state legislatures