Valeriana rubra (synonym Centranthus ruber), the red valerian, spur valerian, kiss-me-quick, or Jupiter's beard, due to the presence of valepotriates. Not to be confused with Valeriana officinalis.

Description

thumb|Closeup of [[inflorescence]]

Valeriana rubra is a multi-stemmed perennial herbaceous plant up to tall with red, pink or white flowers. The leaves are generally long, the stem leaves being sessile and branch leaves sometimes having a petiole up to 5 cm long. The leaves grow in opposite pairs and are oval or lanceolate in shape.

The inflorescences occur at the tips of the branches, in multiparous cymes with a hundred or more flowers. Each plant has either red, pink or white flowers. Valeriana rubra 'Albus' (about 10% of individuals) has white blooms. The cultivar 'coccineus' is especially long-blooming. The blooms have a strong and somewhat rank scent.

They are pollinated by both bees and butterflies and the plant is noted for attracting insects.

Flowering takes place in early summer and, in cool summer areas, continues sporadically throughout the summer and into fall. Red Valerian is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including angle shades. Fruits have feathery projections similar in appearance to the pappus of dandelion seeds that allow wind dispersal, and can self-seed freely and become invasive if not properly controlled.

Taxonomy

Valeriana rubra was the original scientific name given to the species by Linnaeus in 1753. It means 'red valerian'. It was moved into a new genus, Centranthus, in 1805, but returned again to Valeriana by 2019. It is currently recognised by this name in the key international Plants of the World Online database and the World Flora Online Plantlist. However, the name Centranthus ruber is still a familiar gardeners' term for it, such as at the Royal Horticultural Society. As V. rubra is not a native of the UK and the native is Valeriana officinalis, the species commonly spoken of in folk medicine, V. rubra is often spoken of as "not real Valerian" in gardening circles in the UK.

Distribution

thumb|left|Growing atop old walls in Ireland

Valeriana rubra is native of the Mediterranean region, ranging from Portugal and Spain to France, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece and European Turkey, and from Morocco to Algeria and Tunisia. It requires compulsory control as part of an invasive species control programme to remove and destroy. The plants are deemed to have such a high invasive potential that infestations can qualify to be placed under a government sponsored invasive species management programme. No permits will be issued.

References

  • Jepson Manual species treatment
  • Entry in the Plants for a Future database
  • Images from the CalPhotos archive