During the 1920s and 1930s, the United States Armed Forces developed a number of color-coded war plans that outlined potential US strategies for a variety of hypothetical war scenarios. The plans, developed by the Joint Planning Committee (which later became the Joint Chiefs of Staff), were officially withdrawn in 1939 at the outbreak of World War II in favor of five "Rainbow" plans developed to meet the threat of a two-ocean war against multiple enemies.

List of color plans

The following plans are known to have existed:

; War Plan Black

: A plan for war with Germany. The best-known version of Black was conceived as a contingency plan during World War I in case France fell, and the Germans attempted to seize the French West Indies in the Caribbean Sea, or launch an attack on the eastern seaboard.

; War Plan Gray

: There were two war plans named Gray. The first dealt with Central America

; War Plan White

: Dealt with a domestic uprising in the US and later evolved to Operation Garden Plot, the general US military plan for civil disturbances and peaceful protests. Parts of War Plan White were used to deal with the Bonus Expeditionary Force in 1932. Communist insurgents were considered the most likely threat by the authors of War Plan White.

; War Plan Brown

: Dealt with an uprising in the Philippines.

; War Plan Tan

: Intervention in Cuba.

; War Plan Red

: Plan for the British Empire, with specific subvariants for the British dominions:

:* Crimson: Canada

:* Ruby: India

:* Scarlet: Australia

:* Garnet: New Zealand

:* Emerald: Irish Free State

; War Plan Orange

: Plan for the Empire of Japan.

; War Plan Red-Orange

: Considered a two-front war with the United States (Blue) opposing the Empire of Japan (Orange) and the British Empire (Red) simultaneously (the Anglo-Japanese Alliance). This analysis led to the understanding that the United States did not have the resources to fight a two-front war. As a result, it was decided that one front should be prioritized for offense while the other was to be defensive, for war against British territories in North America and the Atlantic and against Britain and Japan in the Pacific respectively. This decision resulted in the Plan Dog memo during World War II, replacing Britain with Germany and Italy instead.

; War Plan Yellow

: Dealt with war in China—specifically, anticipating a repeat of the Boxer Uprising (1899–1901). War Plan Yellow would deploy the US Army in coalition with other imperial forces to suppress indigenous discontent in the Shanghai International Settlement and Beijing Legation Quarter, with chemical weapons if necessary.

; War Plan Gold

: Involved war with France and/or France's Caribbean colonies.

; War Plan Green

: Involved war with Mexico or what was known as "Mexican Domestic Intervention" in order to defeat rebel forces and establish a pro-American government. War Plan Green was officially canceled in 1946.

; War Plan Blue

: Covered defensive plans and preparations that the United States should take in times of peace.

; War Plan Indigo

: Involved an occupation of Iceland. In 1941, while Denmark was under German occupation, the US actually did occupy Iceland, relieving British units during the Battle of the Atlantic.

; War Plan Purple

: Dealt with invading a South American republic.

; War Plan Violet

: Covered Latin America.

No war plan has been constructed toward the Soviet Union.

Colors

The desire for the Army and Navy to utilize the same symbols for their plans gave rise to the use of colors in US war planning. By the end of 1904, the Joint Board had adopted a system of hues, symbols, and shorthand names to represent nations. Many war plans became known by the color of the country to which they were related, a convention that lasted through World War II. As the convention of using colors took root, some were eventually reused, such as Grey, which originally referred to Italy but eventually became a plan for the capture and occupation of Portugal's Azores. In all the plans, the US referred to itself as "Blue".

The plan that received the most consideration was War Plan Orange, a series of contingency plans for fighting a war with Japan alone, Orange formed some of the basis for the actual campaign against Japan in World War II and included the huge economic blockade from mainland China and the plans for interning the Japanese American population.

War Plan Red was a plan for war against the British Empire. British dominions and colonies had war plans of different shades of red: the United Kingdom was "Red", Canada "Crimson", India "Ruby", Australia "Scarlet", and New Zealand "Garnet". Ireland, at the time a free state within the British Empire, was named "Emerald".

War Plan Black was a plan for war with Germany.—the term being a logical extension of the previous "color" plans.

  • Rainbow 1 was a plan for a defensive war to protect the United States and the Western Hemisphere north of [[10th parallel south|ten degrees [south] latitude]]. In such a war, the United States was assumed to be without major allies.
  • Rainbow 2 was identical to Rainbow 1, except for assuming that the United States would be allied with France and the United Kingdom.
  • Rainbow 3 was a repetition of the Orange plan, with the provision that the hemisphere defense would first be secured, as provided in Rainbow 1.
  • Rainbow 4 was based on the same assumptions as Rainbow 1 but extended the American mission to include defense of the entire Western hemisphere.
  • Rainbow 5, destined to be the basis for American strategy in World War II, assumed that the United States was allied with Britain and France and additionally provided for offensive operations by American forces in Europe, Africa, or both.

The assumptions and plans for Rainbow 5 were discussed extensively in the Plan Dog memo, which concluded ultimately that the United States would adhere to a Europe first strategy in World War II.

The publication ignited a storm of controversy in the US, with isolationist politicians claiming Roosevelt was violating his pledge to keep the country out of the European war, while Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson accused the newspapers of unpatriotic behavior and suggested it would be a dereliction of duty for the War Department not to plan for every contingency. Germany publicly ridiculed the plan the next day, doubting "whether the entire world shipping would be sufficient to transport 5,000,000 troops to Europe, much less supply them there."

Privately, the German general staff saw the publication of the plans as extremely valuable intelligence and used its threat of a five-million-man US force in 1943 to argue for temporarily stalling the faltering invasion of the Soviet Union, and concentrating German forces in the west. Adolf Hitler vehemently rejected that idea. The source of the leak was determined in 1962 in an autobiography by former Senator Burton Wheeler (D-Montana) when he stated that it was he who leaked the secret defense plans to the press.

See also

  • German color-coded plans:
  • Case Blue
  • Case Brown
  • Case Green: Czechoslovakia, Ireland and Switzerland
  • Case Red
  • Case Yellow

References

Further reading

  • 1935 Invasion, War Plan Crimson