The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the UN process for negotiating an agreement to limit dangerous climate change. It is an international treaty among countries to combat "dangerous human interference with the climate system". The main way to do this is limiting the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The Convention established the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities," which asserts that all countries share responsibility for addressing climate change. However, developed countries are expected to assume a leading role because of their greater historical greenhouse gas emissions. It was signed in 1992 by 154 states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro. The treaty entered into force on 21 March 1994. "UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany.
thumb|Living Laudato Si' [[Philippines intervention at COP 27 Catholic Actors meeting with the Holy See delegation]]
thumb|[[Armen Sarkissian, the 4th president of Armenia from 2018 to 2022, attends the COP 26]]
The convention's main objective is explained in Article 2. It is the "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-caused] interference with the climate system". The UNFCCC's work currently focuses on implementing the Paris Agreement. This agreement entered into force in 2016. It aims to limit the rise in global temperature to well below above levels before the Industrial Revolution, and even aiming to hold it at . The Paris Agreement superseded the UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol which had been signed in 1997 and ran from 2005 to 2020.
By 2022, the UNFCCC had 198 parties. Its supreme decision-making body, the Conference of the Parties (COP), meets every year. Other meetings at the regional and technical level take place throughout the year. The Paris Agreement mandates a review or "global stocktake" of progress towards meeting its goals every five years. The first of these took place at COP28 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in 2023.
The treaty sets out responsibilities for three categories of states. These are developed countries, developed countries with special financial responsibilities, and developing countries. Parties to the convention have not agreed on a process allowing for majority voting. All decisions are taken by consensus, giving individual parties or countries a veto. The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement to reach its climate goals is also under debate, especially with regards to its more ambitious goal of keeping the global temperature rise to under 1.5 °C.
In a recent study, a hybrid meeting cycle alternating in-person summits with virtual thematic sessions is proposed as a means of enhancing equity and effectiveness in climate governance under the UNFCCC framework
Development
The IPCC's First Assessment Report appeared in 1990. The report gave a broad overview of climate change science and the scientific consensus to date. It discussed uncertainties and provided evidence of warming. The authors said they are certain that greenhouse gases are increasing in the atmosphere because of human activity. This is resulting in more warming of the Earth's surface. The report led to the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Convention Agreement in 1992
The text of the convention was produced during the meeting of an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee in New York from 30 April to 9 May 1992. The convention was adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature on 4 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro (known by its popular title, the Earth Summit). On 12 June 1992, 154 nations signed the UNFCCC, which upon ratification committed signatories' governments to reduce atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the goal of "preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with Earth's climate system". This commitment would require substantial reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (see the later section, "Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations"). states that Parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of "common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities", and that developed country Parties should "take the lead" in addressing climate change. Under Article 4, all Parties make general commitments to address climate change through, for example, climate change mitigation and adapting to the eventual impacts of climate change. Article 4(7) states:
<blockquote>The extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments under the Convention will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention related to financial resources and transfer of technology and will take fully into account that economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of the developing country Parties.</blockquote>
The Convention specifies the aim of Annex I Parties was stabilizing their greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide and other anthropogenic greenhouse gases not regulated under the Montreal Protocol) at 1990 levels, by 2000.
Overarching objective
The ultimate objective of the Framework Convention is specified in Article 2: "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-caused] interference with the climate system".
Key agreements and protocols
Kyoto Protocol
thumb|Map of parties to the Kyoto Protocol
Paris Agreement
thumb|Map of signatories and parties to the Paris Agreement
Further commitments
In addition to the Kyoto Protocol (and its amendment) and the Paris Agreement, parties to the Convention have agreed to further commitments during UNFCCC Conferences of the Parties. These include the Bali Action Plan (2007), the Copenhagen Accord (2009), the Cancún agreements (2010), and the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (2012).
;Bali Action Plan
As part of the Bali Action Plan, adopted in 2007, all developed country Parties have agreed to "quantified emission limitation and reduction objectives, while ensuring the comparability of efforts among them, taking into account differences in their national circumstances". Developing country Parties agreed to "[nationally] appropriate mitigation actions context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner." as have 57 developing countries and the African Group (a group of countries within the UN).
;Copenhagen Accord and Cancún agreements
As part of the 2009 Copenhagen negotiations, a number of countries produced the Copenhagen Accord.
114 countries agreed to the Accord. as did 45 developing country Parties. Some developing country Parties noted the need for international support in their plans.
As part of the Cancún agreements, developed and developing countries submitted mitigation plans to the UNFCCC. These plans were compiled with those made as part of the Bali Action Plan.
;UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs
At the 2021 annual meeting UNFCCC launched the 'UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. The aim of the campaign is to transform 20 sectors of the economy in order to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. At least 20% of each sector should take specific measures, and 10 sectors should be transformed before COP 26 in Glasgow. According to the organizers, 20% is a tipping point, after which the whole sector begins to irreversibly change.
;Developing countries
At Berlin, Cancún, and Durban, the development needs of developing country parties were reiterated. For example, the Durban Platform reaffirms that:
This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".
Secretariat and offices
thumb|[[UN Campus, Bonn, seat of the secretariat]]
"UNFCCC" is also the name of the Secretariat charged with supporting the operation of the convention, with offices on the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany. Offices were formerly located in Haus Carstanjen and in a building on the UN Campus known as Langer Eugen.
The secretariat is established under Article8 of the convention and headed by the Executive Secretary. The secretariat, augmented through the parallel efforts of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), aims to gain consensus through meetings and the discussion of various strategies. Since the signing of the UNFCCC treaty, Conferences of the Parties (COPs) have discussed how to achieve the treaty's aims.
From 2010 to 2016 the head of the secretariat was Christiana Figueres, following by Patricia Espinosa who was appointed Executive Secretary on 18 May 2016 by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and took office on 18 July 2016. Espinosa retired on 16 July 2022. On 15 August 2022, Secretary-General António Guterres appointed former Grenadian climate minister Simon Stiell as Executive Secretary, replacing Espinosa.
Current and former executive secretaries are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="7" | List of Executive Secretaries of the UNFCCC<br /><small>Sources:</small>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sr
! rowspan="2" | Executive Secretary
! rowspan="2" | Country
! colspan="2" | Tenure
! rowspan="2" | Other offices held
|-
! From
! To
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1
| Michael Zammit Cutajar
| Malta
| style="text-align:center;" | 1995
| style="text-align:center;" | 2002
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
| Joke Waller-Hunter
| Netherlands
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 May 2002
| style="text-align:center;" | 14 October 2005
| Director for Sustainable Development (1994–98)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Acting
| Richard Kinley
| Canada
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 October 2005
| style="text-align:center;" | 9 August 2006
| Deputy Executive Secretary, UNFCCC 2006 - 2016<br />Chairman, FOGGS (2016–)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 3
| Yvo de Boer
| Netherlands
| style="text-align:center;" | 10 August 2006
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 July 2010
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
| Christiana Figueres
| Costa Rica
| style="text-align:center;" | 1 July 2010
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 July 2016
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
| Patricia Espinosa
| Mexico
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 July 2016
| style="text-align:center;" | 16 July 2022
| Secretary of Foreign Affairs (2006–12)<br /> Ambassador to Germany (2013–16)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | Acting
| Ibrahim Thiaw
| Mauritania
| style="text-align:center;" | 17 July 2022
| style="text-align:center;" | 14 August 2022
| Under Secretary General of the United Nations and UNCCD Executive Secretary (2019-2025)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 6
| Simon Stiell
| Grenada
| style="text-align:center;" | 15 August 2022
| style="text-align:center;" | current
| Environment minister (2017–22) For example, the UNFCCC invited the IPCC to prepare a report on global warming of 1.5 °C. The IPCC subsequently released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) in 2018. The report showed that it was possible to keep warming below 1.5 °C during the 21st century. But this would mean deep cuts in emissions. It would also mean rapid, far-reaching changes in all aspects of society. The report showed warming of 2 °C would have much more severe impacts than 1.5 °C. In other words: every bit of warming matters. SR15 had an unprecedented impact for an IPCC report in the media and with the public. It put the 1.5 °C target at the center of climate activism.
Conferences of the Parties (CoP)
thumb|Logo of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) and 11th Meeting of the Parties to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol (CMP 11) from November, 30th till December 2015, 12th.
The United Nations Climate Change Conference are yearly conferences held in the framework of the UNFCCC. They serve as the formal meeting of the UNFCCC Parties (Conferences of the Parties) (COP) to assess progress in dealing with climate change, and beginning in the mid-1990s, to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol to establish legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Azerbaijan hosted COP29 in 2024. COP30 was hosted in Brazil.
Subsidiary bodies
A subsidiary body is a committee that assists the Conference of the Parties. Subsidiary bodies include:
- Permanents:
- The Subsidiary Body of Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) is established by Article 9 of the convention to provide the Conference of the Parties and, as appropriate, its other subsidiary bodies with timely information and advice on scientific and technological matters relating to the convention. It serves as a link between information and assessments provided by expert sources (such as the IPCC) and the COP, which focuses on setting policy.
- The Subsidiary Body of Implementation (SBI) is established by Article 10 of the convention to assist the Conference of the Parties in the assessment and review of the effective implementation of the convention. It makes recommendations on policy and implementation issues to the COP and, if requested, to other bodies.
- Temporary:
- Ad hoc Group on Article 13 (AG13), active from 1995 to 1998;
- Ad hoc Group on the Berlin Mandate (AGBM), active from 1995 to 1997;
- Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP), established in 2005 by the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to consider further commitments of industrialized countries under the Kyoto Protocol for the period beyond 2012; it concluded its work in 2012 when the CMP adopted the Doha Amendment;
- Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action (AWG-LCA), established in Bali in 2007 to conduct negotiations on a strengthened international deal on climate change;
- Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), established at COP 17 in Durban in 2011 "to develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties." The ADP concluded its work in Paris on 5 December 2015.
National communication
A "National Communication" is a type of report submitted by the countries that have ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Developed countries are required to submit National Communications every four years and developing countries should do so. Some Least Developed Countries have not submitted National Communications in the past 5–15 years, largely due to capacity constraints.
National Communication reports are often several hundred pages long and cover a country's measures to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions as well as a description of its vulnerabilities and impacts from climate change. National Communications are prepared according to guidelines that have been agreed by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. The (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) that form the basis of the Paris Agreement are shorter and less detailed but also follow a standardized structure and are subject to technical review by experts.
Nationally Determined Contributions
At the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties in Warsaw in 2013, the UNFCCC created a mechanism for Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to be submitted in the run up to the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties in Paris (COP21) in 2015. Countries were given freedom and flexibility to ensure that these climate change mitigation and adaptation plans were nationally appropriate. This flexibility, especially regarding the types of actions to be undertaken, allowed for developing countries to tailor their plans to their specific adaptation and mitigation needs, as well as towards other needs.
In the aftermath of COP21, these INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as each country ratified the Paris Agreement, unless a new NDC was submitted to the UNFCCC at the same time. The 22nd session of the Conference of the Parties (COP22) in Marrakesh focused on these Nationally Determined Contributions and their implementation, after the Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016.
Membership and participation
[[File:UNFCCC parties.svg|thumb|right|350px|Parties to the UNFCCC
]]
As of 2022, the UNFCCC has 198 parties including all United Nations member states, United Nations General Assembly observers the State of Palestine and the Holy See, UN non-member states Niue and the Cook Islands, and the supranational union European Union.
The United States announced its intention to withdraw from the treaty in January 2026, the only country to do so.
Classification of Parties and their commitments
Parties to the UNFCCC are classified as:
- Annex I: There are 43 Parties to the UNFCCC listed in Annex I of the convention, including the European Union. These Parties are classified as industrialized (developed) countries and "economies in transition" (EITs). The 14 EITs are the former centrally-planned (Soviet) economies of Russia and Eastern Europe.
- Annex II: Of the Parties listed in Annex I of the convention, 24 are also listed in Annex II of the convention, including the European Union. These Parties are made up of members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): these Parties consist of the members of the OECD in 1992, minus Turkey, plus the EU. Annex II Parties are required to provide financial and technical support to the EITs and developing countries to assist them in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and manage the impacts of climate change (climate change adaptation). developing countries.]]
List of parties
Annex I countries
There are 43 Annex I Parties including the European Union.
Thousands of observers from civil society, business and academia attend the COPs. They organize a huge programme of activities including officially coordinated "side events". These complement and inform the official negotiations.
Civil Society Observers under the UNFCCC have organized themselves in loose groups, covering about 90% of all admitted organisations. Some groups remain outside these broad groupings, such as faith groups or national parliamentarians. The UNFCCC secretariat also recognizes the following groups as informal NGO groups (2016): Faith-based organizations, Education and Capacity Building and Outreach NGOs, parliamentarians.
An overview is given in the table below: Lower stabilization levels would require emissions to peak and decline earlier compared to higher stabilization levels. Scientific analysis can provide information on the risks of climate change, but deciding which risks are dangerous requires value judgements.
The global warming that has already occurred poses a risk to some human and natural systems. Higher magnitudes of global warming will generally increase the risk of negative impacts. Climate change risks are "considerable" with 1 to 2 °C of global warming, relative to pre-industrial levels. 4 °C warming would lead to significantly increased risks, with potential impacts including widespread loss of biodiversity and reduced global and regional food security.
In decision making, the precautionary principle is considered when possibly dangerous, irreversible, or catastrophic events are identified, but scientific evaluation of the potential damage is not sufficiently certain. The precautionary principle implies an emphasis on the need to prevent such adverse effects. Following the precautionary principle, uncertainty (about the exact effects of climate change) is not a reason for inaction, and this is acknowledged in Article 3.3 of the UNFCCC.
Reception
Criticism of processes
The overall umbrella and processes of the UNFCCC and the adopted Kyoto Protocol have been criticized by some as not having achieved their stated goals of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases. It has also led Canada to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol in 2011 out of a wish not to make its citizens pay penalties that would result in wealth transfers out of Canada. Both the US and Canada are looking at internal Voluntary Emissions Reduction schemes to curb carbon dioxide emissions outside the Kyoto Protocol.
The perceived lack of progress has also led some countries to seek and focus on alternative high-value activities like the creation of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants which seeks to regulate short-lived pollutants such as methane, black carbon and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which together are believed to account for up to one third of current global warming but whose regulation is not as fraught with wide economic impacts and opposition.
In 2010, Japan stated that it will not sign up to a second Kyoto term, because it would impose restrictions on it not faced by its main economic competitors, China, India and Indonesia. A similar indication was given by the Prime Minister of New Zealand in November 2012. At the 2012 conference, last-minute objections at the conference by Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan were ignored by the governing officials, and they have indicated that they will likely withdraw or not ratify the treaty. These defections place additional pressures on the UNFCCC process that is seen by some as cumbersome and expensive: in the UK alone, the climate change department has taken over 3,000 flights in two years at a cost of over £1,300,000 (British pounds sterling).
Further, the UNFCCC (mainly during the Kyoto protocol) failed to facilitate the transfer of environmentally sound technologies (SETs) which are mechanisms used to decrease the vulnerability of the human race against the unfavorable effects of climate change. One of the more widely used of these being renewable energy sources. The UNFCCC created the body "technology mechanism" who would distribute these resources to developing countries; however this distribution was too moderate and, coupled with the failings of the first commitment period of the Kyoto protocol, led to low ratification numbers for the second commitment (resulting in it not going ahead).
Before the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, National Geographic magazine added to the criticism, writing: "Since 1992, when the world's nations agreed at Rio de Janeiro to avoid 'dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,' they've met 20 times without moving the needle on carbon emissions. In that interval we've added almost as much carbon to the atmosphere as we did in the previous century."
Criticism of effectiveness of Paris Agreement
Awards
In 2016, the UNFCCC received the "Prince or Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation" by the Princess of Asturias Awards.
Meetings of the Parties
A Conference of the Parties (COP) has been held annually for most years since 1995.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of COPs of the UNFCCC
|-
! COP !! Year !! Country !! Begin !! End !! Days !! City !! Link
|-
| COP1 || 1995 || Germany || 28.03.1995 || 07.04.1995 || 10 || Berlin || [COP 1] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-1)
|-
| COP2 || 1996 || Switzerland || 08.07.1996 || 19.07.1996 || 11 || Geneva || [COP 2] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-2)
|-
| COP3 || 1997 || Japan || 01.12.1997 || 10.12.1997 || 10 || Kyoto || [COP 3] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-3)
|-
| COP4|| 1998 || Argentina || 02.11.1998 || 13.11.1998 || 12 || Buenos Aires || [COP 4] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-4)
|-
| COP5 || 1999 || Germany || 25.10.1999 || 05.11.1999 || 12 || Bonn || [COP 5] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-5)
|-
| COP6 || 2000 || Netherlands || 13.11.2000 || 24.11.2000 || 12 || The Hague || [COP 6] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-6)
|-
| COP7|| 2001 || Morocco || 29.10.2001 || 10.11.2001 || 12 || Marrakesh || [COP 7] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-7)
|-
| COP8|| 2002 || India || 23.10.2002 || 01.11.2002 || 10 || New Delhi || [COP 8] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-8)
|-
| COP9|| 2003 || Italy || 01.12.2003 || 12.12.2003 || 12 || Milan || [COP 9] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-9)
|-
| COP10|| 2004 || Argentina || 01.12.2004 || 12.12.2004 || 12 || Buenos Aires || [COP 10] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-10)
|-
| COP11|| 2005 || Canada || 28.11.2005 || 10.12.2005 || 12 || Montreal || [COP 11] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-11)
|-
| COP12|| 2006 || Kenya || 06.11.2006 || 17.11.2006 || 12 || Nairobi || [COP 12] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-12)
|-
| COP13|| 2007 || Indonesia || 03.12.2007 || 15.12.2007 || 12 || Bali || [COP 13] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-13)
|-
| COP14|| 2008 || Poland || 01.12.2008 || 12.12.2008 || 12 || Poznań || [COP 14] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-14)
|-
| COP15|| 2009 || Denmark || 07.12.2009 || 18.12.2009 || 12 || Copenhagen || [COP 15] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-15)
|-
| COP16|| 2010 || Mexico || 29.11.2010 || 11.12.2010 || 12 || Cancún || [COP 16] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-16)
|-
| COP17|| 2011 || South Africa || 28.11.2011 || 11.12.2011 || 14 || Durban || [COP 17] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-17)
|-
| COP18|| 2012 || Qatar || 26.11.2012 || 08.12.2012 || 12 || Doha || [COP 18] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-18)
|-
| COP19|| 2013 || Poland || 11.11.2013 || 22.11.2013 || 12 || Warsaw || [COP 19] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-19)
|-
| COP20|| 2014 || Peru || 01.12.2014 || 12.12.2014 || 12 || Lima || [COP 20] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-20)
|-
| COP21|| 2015 || France || 30.11.2015 || 12.12.2015 || 12 || Paris || [COP 21] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-21)
|-
| COP22|| 2016 || Morocco || 07.11.2016 || 18.11.2016 || 12 || Marrakesh || [COP 22] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-22)
|-
| COP23|| 2017 || Germany || 06.11.2017 || 17.11.2017 || 12 || Bonn || [COP 23] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-23)
|-
| COP24|| 2018 || Poland || 02.12.2018 || 14.12.2018 || 12 || Katowice || [COP 24] (https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/conference-of-the-parties/cop-24)
|-
| COP25|| 2019 || Spain || 02.12.2019 || 13.12.2019 || 12 || Madrid || [COP 25] (https://unfccc.int/conference/un-climate-change-conference-december-2019)
|-
| COP26|| 2021 || United Kingdom || 31.10.2021 || 12.11.2021 || 12 || Glasgow || [COP 26] (https://unfccc.int/conference/glasgow-climate-change-conference-october-november-2021)
|-
| COP27|| 2022 || Egypt || 06.11.2022 || 18.11.2022 || 12 || Sharm el-Sheikh || [COP 27] (https://unfccc.int/cop27)
|-
| COP28|| 2023 || United Arab Emirates || 30.11.2023 || 12.12.2023 || 12 || Dubai || [COP 28] (https://unfccc.int/cop28)
|-
| COP29|| 2024 || Azerbaijan || 11.11.2024 || 22.11.2024 || 12 || Baku || [COP 29] (https://unfccc.int/cop29)
|-
| COP30|| 2025 || Brazil || 31.10.2025 || 12.11.2025 || 12 || Belém || [COP 30] (https://unfccc.int/cop30)
|-
| COP31|| 2026 || Turkey || 09.11.2026 || 20.11.2026 || 12 || Antalya || [COP 31] (https://unfccc.int/cop31)
|-
| COP32|| 2027 || Ethiopia || TBD || TBD || 12 || Addis Ababa || [COP 32] (https://unfccc.int/cop32)
|}
See also
- Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change, established 2020
References
Sources
- . Available as a PDF in the official UN languages.
- . Reference: FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1.
- . Library record.
- (pb: )
- (pb: ). Archived .
- .
- . Archived
- . Archived
- .
- . Library record.
- . Library record.
- .
- .
- . Library record.
- . Library record.
- Also available as a single pdf are the August 2000 version and the current (updated) version.
External links
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
- Text of the UNFCCC