thumb|"Umpqua Indian", drawn by [[Alfred Thomas Agate]]

The Umpqua people are an umbrella group of several distinct tribal entities of Native Americans of the Umpqua Basin in present-day south central Oregon in the United States. The area south of Roseburg is now known as the Umpqua Valley.

At least four tribal groups have historically lived in the Umpqua River Basin: the Southern Molalla, the Lower Umpqua tribe, the Upper Umpqua tribe, and the Cow Creek Band of the Umpqua Tribe of Native Americans. Before European settlement in the region, the tribes spoke several different languages, including Siuslaw (Lower Umpqua), Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya), Upper Umpqua, Takelma, and the Molalla language.

Archaeological evidence indicates that the Native American settlement in the Umpqua region began at least 8,000 years before the arrival of European settlers. Other theories report that "Umpqua" means "thundering water," "dancing water" or "bring across the river."

Overview

Lower Umpqua

The Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh) tribe spoke the Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh/Quuiič) dialect of the Siuslaw language. Their self-designation was Kuitsh, Quuiič or Quuiich (″The Southern People″, probably derived from the words qiiuu, ″south″, and hiich, ″people″). Prior to European settlement, the Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh) lived on the coast from Siltcoos River south to Tenmile Creek.

Today, the Lower Umpqua (Kuitsh) people are represented by the following tribes:

  • Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians
  • Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, and
  • Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon

Upper Umpqua

The Upper Umpqua people lived mostly on the South Umpqua River, near present Roseburg, Oregon and the Umpqua River upstream of the head of tide (present-day Scottsburg, Oregon). Their self-designation was Etnemitane, Tl'uu-dv-nee-yu (literally "prairie people") or simply Dv-nee-yu / Dv-ne ("people"). The now-extinct Upper Umpqua language formed with three other closely related languages the ″Oregon Athabaskan cluster″ of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages.

By neighboring Athapascan-speaking peoples they were known as ″Umpqua River People″—in the original languages:

:* Tututni and (Upper) Coquille-Tututni: Ci-cta-́qwût-mê ́ t̟ûn-nĕ

:* Chasta Costa-Tututni: Ci-stá-qwŭt dv-nee-yu

:* Naltunne-Tututni: Cac-taⁿ-́qwût me-́t̟ûn-nĕ

:* Chetco-Tolowa: Ûm-́kwa-me (origin of the English word Umpqua)

Today, the Upper Umpqua people are represented by the following tribes:

  • Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
  • Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, and
  • Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians

Cow Creek Band of Upper Umpqua

Originally a band of the Takelma people along the South Umpqua River, Myrtle Creek, and Cow Creek, the Cow Creek people were called Cow Creek Takelma, or The Cow Creek Band.

Today, the Cow Creek Band of Upper Umpqua are represented by the following tribes:

  • Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Native Americans
  • Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua and Siuslaw Indians, and
  • Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon

The Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Native Americans is one of nine federally recognized indigenous Tribal Governments in the State of Oregon. They were the first tribes in the Oregon Territory to sign a treaty with the US government, on 19 September 1853.