The Type 21 frigate, or Amazon-class frigate, was a British Royal Navy general-purpose escort that was designed in the late 1960s, built in the 1970s, and that served into the 1990s.

The class was ordered under political and Treasury pressure for a relatively cheap, yet modern, general purpose escort vessel which would be attractive to governments and officers of South America and Australasia: the traditional export markets of British shipyards. It was also envisaged as an out-of-area RN gunboat that would retain UK presence in those areas, as well as the Caribbean and the Persian Gulf; essentially replacing the diesel-powered Type 41s and Type 61s and the combined steam and gas-powered Type 81 frigates with smaller crewed vessels. The RN staff disliked the idea and would have preferred to continue to develop steam types – in the RN's case, the Type 12I Leander class, which was regarded as a successful and quiet anti-submarine hunter, but was seen by the politicians as dated and by the Treasury and export-oriented shipyards as too expensive to market.

The development of Vosper's own export designs, the Mk 5 for Iran and the Mk 7 for Libya, increased the pressure on the Admiralty to accept this line of naval development, which seemed to offer a cheap export frigate with a range of , a top speed of , a superficially good armament of the new Mark 8 4.5-inch (113 mm) gun, facilities for a Westland Wasp helicopter, anti-ship missiles and two triple lightweight Seacat missile launchers. When plans for the new were finalised in 1968, the Admiralty board accepted that its paper specifications were unanswerable and they would have to allow the shipyards to develop a low cost fill in anti-submarine warfare and general purpose version for the RN that would be stretched and fully gas turbine-powered rather than combined diesel and gas like the Mk 5 and Mk 7. In reality, it was a much more difficult design, with the lack of heavy propulsion machinery low in the hull to balance the top weight of bulky superstructure. The fitting of Tyne gas turbines for cruising, instead of the diesels used in the Iranian and Libyan versions, meant fuel consumption and cost would be high, which was a tremendous problem for the Royal Navy in the early 1980s when the austerity of early Thatcherism cut the Royal Navy fuel allowance and meant that most frigates spent more time tied up, rather than at sea in 1980–1981; and despite the smaller crew, running costs of the Type 21 were ten percent higher than those of the Leanders.

The Type 21 would provide the shipyards with experience in building fully gas turbine powered ships and provide them with useful work for the shipyards while the Type 42 destroyer and Type 22 frigate would not be ready until the mid-to-late 1970s. As the Admiralty design board were busy with the latter, the Type 21 project was given to the private shipyards of Vosper Thornycroft and Yarrow. The unmistakably yacht-like and rakish lines were indicative of their commercial design.

At one stage, it was hoped to build a joint design that would meet both the Royal Navy's requirement for a low-cost Patrol Frigate and Australia's General Purpose Escort requirement, with discussions between the two navies beginning in 1967, with Australia, who hoped to build a series of Type 21s in Australian shipyards, part-funding design work on the proposal. After the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) DDL was cancelled the RAN and Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) reconsidered the Type 21 but still found it too expensive, and considered the UK gun and radar inferior to the United States Navy options. Australia ordered the US design in 1976.

A contract for detailed design of the new frigate to meet Royal Navy requirements and to build the first example was placed in March 1969. By this time cost had crept up to £7.3 million, more than Leander-class frigates.

Attempts continued to sell frigates derived from the Type 21 to export customers, including Argentina.

The first of the eight built, , entered service in May 1974.

Design

These ships were the Royal Navy's first privately designed warships for many years.

As delivered, the Type 21s were armed with a single 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun forward, and a four-round launcher for the SeaCat surface-to-air missile aft. The Italian Selenia Orion-10X lightweight fire control radar was adopted to control both the gun and the SeaCat missile (as the GWS-24 system) in an effort to save weight. A Type 992Q air/surface radar was fitted, but a long-range air-search radar was not provided. A hangar and flight deck were provided for a single helicopter, at first the Westland Wasp. The CAAIS was provided to integrate the ship's weapons and sensor systems and provide the crew with all the relevant information they required to fight the ship, as and when they needed it.

In terms of automation, systems integration and habitability, they were well in advance of many of the ships that they replaced, such as the Type 81 (Tribal-class) frigate and Type 12M - the latter's basic design could be traced back to 1945.

Modifications

MoD discovered the error in weight and Vertical Centre of Gravity about 6 months after the first of class was launched. When they entered service, the Type 21s were criticised for being under-armed in relation to their size and cost. The ships lacked the margins of weight and space customary to in-house Royal Navy warship designs for major modernization.

Five modernisation proposals for the Type 21s were considered by the Royal Navy

The small Wasp helicopter was replaced by the vastly more capable Westland Lynx when it became available. Compared to the Wasp, the Lynx was faster and carried its own sensors, plus more and better weapons. As and when ships came in for refit, ship-launched anti-submarine torpedoes were also fitted (though not in Amazon), in the form of two STWS-1 triple-tube launchers capable of firing United States USN/NATO-standard Mark 44 or Mark 46 torpedoes. After the Falklands War, two more 20 mm Oerlikon guns were mounted on some ships of the class, one each side of the hangar, to provide extra close-in armament. The first of these guns was actually salvaged from the wreck of Antelope by divers, and was fitted to Avenger, where it carried the slogan 'Antelope's Avenger' on its gunshield.

Analysis

Criticism was levelled at the performance of the type in the Falklands conflict. but they remained shallow water surface fighting ships, designed for Vosper's export market to provide nations like Libya and Iran with the firepower to replace the United States/UK as western supporting stabilisers under the Kissinger/Healy strategy. The lack of margin to accept the Type 2031 towed array sealed the fate of the class.

The class was criticised for being overcrowded: at , they had 177 crewmen compared to and 185 crewmen for the Type 23 frigate. This was important at a time when the Royal Navy was facing a manpower shortage. However the standard of accommodation for the officers was better than the RN average and the senior ratings enjoyed separate cabins – unlike the petty officers of the Type 42 destroyer of the same era, who slept in bunk rooms. The ratings' accommodation was also improved, with four-man sleeping berths leading off from the communal mess deck; again, far better than those of the Type 42 destroyer. In essence, the standard of accommodation and fitting were better, especially for officers, because it was a design intended to attract export orders. Higher automation and the new Mk 8 4.5-inch automatic gun combined with an electronic fit meant that the Type 21 was in some ways simpler than that of the Leanders or Type 42. The Type 21 class lacked both the long range Type 965 radar carried by most UK warships and the Limbo mortar with its associated sonar.

Service

thumb| during Exercise RIMPAC 86

Except for HMS Amazon which was in the Persian Gulf at the time, all ships in the class took part in the 1982 Falklands War as the 4th Frigate Squadron. They were heavily involved, performing extensive shore-bombardment missions and providing anti-submarine and anti-aircraft duties for the task force. On 10 May, HMS Alacrity and Arrow probed through Falkland Sound at night searching for minefields that might have impeded landings and operations, almost as expendable hulls. Alacrity engaged and sank an Argentine naval supply vessel in the Sound. On exiting the Sound at daybreak, they were attacked by the Argentine submarine San Luis, which fired two torpedoes; one hit Arrows submarine towed decoy (as intended) and the other bounced off her hull, having failed to arm itself.

Two ships were lost: was hit by bombs dropped by Argentine aircraft on 21 May and consumed by fire; was hit by bombs on 23 May, one of which detonated while a bomb disposal team was attempting to defuse it on 24 May. The ship caught fire and set off her magazines, resulting in her breaking her back and sinking.

Sale to Pakistan

The six surviving Type 21 frigates were sold to Pakistan in 1993–1994 for 60 million US dollars. The Exocet and Seacat were removed before the sale and the frigates were given a basic refit at Karachi with US Harpoon anti-ship missile. Three of them were fitted with Phalanx CIWS, the others with 40mm Bofors L70 guns. The class was renamed by the Pakistan Navy as the , after the first vessel that was acquired, Tariq, formerly . Only two of the six remain in service: Badr and Babur were both decommissioned in 2014, while Tippu Sultan and Shah Jahan were sunk as targets in 2020 and 2021 respectively. By the closing years of the class the Harpoon was generally seen as slow and obsolete and in 2008 Harpoon was removed. The Pakistan frigates were given the Chinese 6-cell LY-60N Hunting Eagle surface-to-air missile system.

Ships

<!--"A contract was awarded to Vosper Thornycroft on 27 February 1968 for the design of a patrol frigate to be prepared in full collaboration with Yarrow Ltd." They were "designed to replace the Leopard- and Salisbury-class frigates. Initial cost was to be £3.5 million but Amazon actually cost £16.8 million." -->

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;"

|-valign=top

! Pennant

! Name

! Hull builder

! Ordered

! Laid down

! Launched

! Accepted into service

! Commissioned

! Est. building cost

! | Fate

|-valign=top

|| F169

|| Amazon

|| Vosper Thornycroft, Woolston

|| 26 March 1969

|| 6 November 1969

|| To Pakistan as PNS Babur. Decommissioned in December 2014.

|-valign=top

|| F170

|| Antelope

|| Vosper Thornycroft

|| 11 May 1970

|| Bombed by Argentinian Air Force Douglas A-4 Skyhawks on 23 May 1982 and sank following day in San Carlos Water

|-valign=top

|| F171

|| Active

|| Vosper Thornycroft

|| 11 May 1970

|-valign=top

|| F184

|| Ardent

|| YSL

|| 11 November 1971

|| To Pakistan as PNS Tippu Sultan. Decommissioned and sunk as a target in 2020.

|}

Running costs

{|class="wikitable"

|-valign=top

! Date

!

! What is included

|-valign=top

|

| £6.5 million

| Average annual running cost of Type 21s at average 1981–82 prices and including associated aircraft costs, but excluding the costs of major refits.

|-valign=top

| 1985–86

| £7 million

| The average cost of running and maintaining a type 21 frigate for one year.

|-valign=top

|| 1987–88

|| £3.8 million

|The average annual operating costs, at financial year 1987-88 prices of a type 21 frigate. These costs include personnel, fuel, spares and so on, and administrative support services, but exclude new construction, capital equipment, and refit-repair costs.

|}

The Type 21 Club

In 2010, like-minded former crew members decided that an association should be formed for former shipmates and officers who ever served on these frigates. It also includes Pakistan Naval crew members of the frigates now part of the Pakistan navy.

See also

  • List of frigate classes by country

Equivalent frigates of the same era

  • Type 053

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

  • Couhat, Jean Labayle and A.D. Baker. Combat Fleets of the World 1986/87. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1986. .
  • Friedman, Norman. British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing, 2008. .
  • Gardiner, Robert and Stephen Chumbley. Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995. .
  • Marriott, Leo. Royal Navy Frigates 1945-1983 Ian Allan, 1983 .
  • Moore, John E. Warships of the Royal Navy; New Edition, Jane's Publishing, 1981 .
  • Preston, Antony. The World's Worst Warships. London: Conway Maritime Press, 2002. .
  • Lippiett, Capt. R.J. Type 21 - Modern Combat Ships 5 Ian Allan, 1990 .