thumb|upright=1.5|Negotiating the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905). From left: Russians (at far side of table) Korostovetz, [[Konstantin Dmitrievich Nabokov|Nabokov, Witte, Rosen, Plancon; Japanese (near side) Adachi, Ochiai, Komura, Takahira, Satō. The conference table is today preserved at the Museum Meiji-mura in Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.]]

The Treaty of Portsmouth formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905, after negotiations from August 6 to 30, at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine (then part of Portsmouth, New Hampshire), United States. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was instrumental in the negotiations and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, the first ever American recipient. The treaty recognized Japan's hegemony in Korea (which soon after became a protectorate of the Empire of Japan), awarded it Russia's lease on the Liaodong Peninsula (which became the Kwantung Leased Territory), control of the Russian-built South Manchuria Railway, and the southern half of the island of Sakhalin (Karafuto).

Background

The war of 1904–1905 was fought between the Russian Empire, an international power with one of the largest armies in the world, and the Empire of Japan, a nation that had only recently industrialized after two-and-a-half centuries of isolation. A series of battles in the Liaodong Peninsula had resulted in Russian armies being driven from southern Manchuria, and the Battle of Tsushima had resulted in a cataclysm for the Imperial Russian Navy. The war was unpopular in Russia, whose government was under increasing threat of revolution at home. On the other hand, the Japanese economy was severely strained by the war, with rapidly mounting foreign debts, and Japanese forces in Manchuria faced the problem of ever-extending supply lines. No Russian territory had been seized, and the Russians continued to build up reinforcements via the Trans-Siberian Railway. Recognizing that a long war was not to Japan's advantage, the Japanese government as early as July 1904 had begun seeking out intermediaries to assist in bringing the war to a negotiated conclusion.

The intermediary approached by the Japanese was U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, who had publicly expressed a pro-Japanese stance at the beginning of the war. However, as the war progressed, Roosevelt had begun to show concerns about the strengthening military power of Japan and its long-term impact on U.S. interests in Asia. In February 1905, Roosevelt sent messages to the Russian government via the U.S. ambassador in Saint Petersburg. Initially, the Russians were unresponsive, with Tsar Nicholas II still adamant that Russia would eventually prove victorious. The Japanese government was also lukewarm to a peace treaty, as Japanese armies were enjoying an unbroken string of victories. However, after the Battle of Mukden, which was extremely costly to both sides in terms of manpower and resources, Japanese Foreign Minister Komura Jutarō judged that it was now critical for Japan to push for a settlement. The delegations arrived in Portsmouth on August 8 and stayed in New Castle, New Hampshire, at the Hotel Wentworth, where the armistice was signed. They were ferried across the Piscataqua River every day to the naval base in Kittery, Maine, where the negotiations were held.

The negotiations took place at the General Stores Building (now Building 86). Mahogany furniture patterned after the Cabinet Room of the White House was ordered from Washington.

Before the negotiations began, Tsar Nicholas had adopted a hard line and forbidden his delegates to agree to any territorial concessions, reparations, or limitations on the deployment of Russian forces in the Far East. Outmaneuvered by Witte, Komura yielded, and in exchange for the southern half of Sakhalin, the Japanese dropped their claims for reparations. and in Russia on October 14, 1905.

Aftermath

The signing of the treaty created three decades of peace between the two nations and confirmed Japan's emergence as the pre-eminent power in East Asia. Born from the Taft–Katsura agreement, Article 2 of the treaty acknowledged that Japan possessed in Korea paramount political, military and economical interests, and later resulted in the annexation of Korea to Japan in 1910.

The treaty also forced Russian Empire to abandon its expansionist policies in East Asia, but it was not well received by the Japanese people. The Japanese public was aware of their country's unbroken string of military victories over the Russians but was less aware of the precarious overextension of military and economic power that the victories had required. News of the terms of the treaty appeared to show Japanese weakness in front of the European powers, and this frustration caused the Hibiya riots and the collapse of the First Katsura Cabinet (first premiership of Katsura Tarō) on January 7, 1906.

Criticism

Korean historians (such as Ki-baik Lee, author of A New History of Korea, Harvard University Press, 1984) believe that the Treaty of Portsmouth violated the Korean–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce signed at Incheon on May 22, 1882, because the Joseon government considered that treaty constituted a de facto mutual defense treaty, unlike the Americans. The problem was Article 1: "There shall be perpetual peace and friendship between the President of the United States and the King of Chosen and the citizens and subjects of their respective Governments. If other powers deal unjustly or oppressively with either Government, the other will exert their good offices on being informed of the case to bring about an amicable arrangement, thus showing their friendly feelings."

The treaty has been cited in contemporary South Korea (circa 2005) by some as an example that the United States cannot be relied upon with regards to issues of South Korean security and sovereignty.

Commemoration

In 1994, the Portsmouth Peace Treaty Forum was created by the Japan-America Society of New Hampshire to commemorate the Portsmouth Peace Treaty with the first formal meeting between Japanese and Russian scholars and diplomats in Portsmouth since 1905. As the Treaty of Portsmouth was one of the most powerful symbols of peace in the Northern Pacific region and the most significant shared peace history of Japan, Russia, and the United States, the forum was designed to explore from the Japanese, Russian, and American perspectives, the history of the Portsmouth Treaty and its relevance to current issues involving the Northern Pacific region. The forum is intended to focus modern scholarship on international problems in the "spirit of the Portsmouth Peace Treaty."

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Peace Treaty Building, Portsmouth Navy Yard.jpg|Treaty Building in 1912

Verhandlungen zum Vertrag von Portsmouth 1905 - Empfang der Delegierten.jpg|Envoy reception

PortsmouthTreatyReceptionKey.jpg|Key to envoy reception

Hotel Wentworth.jpg|Hotel Wentworth, c. 1906

Obverse Postcard Treaty of Portsmouth.png|Postcard from the Peace Conference (Obverse)

Reverse Postcard Treaty of Portsmouth.png|Postcard from the Peace Conference (Reverse)

Ratification of the Peace Treaty between Japan and Russia 25 November 1905.jpg|Ratification of the Peace Treaty between Japan and Russia, November 25, 1905

</gallery>

References

Sources

  • Davis, Richard Harding, and Alfred Thayer Mahan (1905). The Russo-Japanese War; A Photographic and Descriptive Review of the Great Conflict in the Far East, Gathered from the Reports, Records, Cable Despatches, Photographs, etc., of Collier's War Correspondents. New York: P.F. Collier & Son.
  • De Martens, F. (1905). "The Portsmouth Peace Conference". The North American Review, 181 (558).
  • Doleac, Charles B. (2006). "An Uncommon Commitment to Peace: Portsmouth Peace Treaty 1905".
  • Harcave, Sidney (2004). Count Sergei Witte and the Twilight of Imperial Russia: A Biography. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. (cloth).
  • Jukes, Geoffrey (2002). The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
  • Kokovtsov, Vladimir (1935). Out of My Past (Laura Matveev, translator). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Korostovetz, J. J. (1920). Pre-War Diplomacy: The Russo-Japanese Problem. London: British Periodicals Limited.
  • Matsumura, Masayoshi (1987). Nichi-Ro senso to Kaneko Kentaro: Koho gaiko no kenkyu. Shinyudo. , translated by Ian Ruxton as Baron Kaneko and the Russo-Japanese War: A Study in the Public Diplomacy of Japan (2009) Preview
  • Randall, Peter (1985, 2002). There Are No Victors Here: A Local Perspective on the Treaty of Portsmouth. Portsmouth Marine Society.
  • Trani, Eugene P. (1969). The Treaty of Portsmouth; An Adventure in American Diplomacy. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.
  • White, J. A. (1969). "Portsmouth 1905: Peace or Truce?" Journal of Peace Research, 6(4).
  • Witte, Sergei (1921). The Memoirs of Count Witte (Abraham Yarmolinsky, translator). New York: Doubleday.
  • Witte, Sergei (1990). The Memoirs of Count Witte (Sidney Harcave, translator). Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. (cloth)
  • Yoshimura, Akira (1979). The Flags of Portsmouth (Pōtsumasu no hata – ポーツマスの旗) (French translation published in 1990 under the title Les drapeaux de Portsmouth, éditions Philippe Picquier).
  • Text of the treaty, in French
  • Copy of the protocols of the conference at the Library of Congress
  • The Treaty of Portsmouth, 1905, Russo-Japanese War (actual text)
  • Portsmouth Peace Treaty website of the Japan-America Society of New Hampshire
  • The Museum Meiji Mura
  • Imperial rescript endorsing the treaty of Portsmouth (from the National Archives of Japan)