The Treaty of Amritsar, executed by the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu after the First Anglo-Sikh War, established the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir under the suzerainty of the British Indian Empire. By Article 1 of the treaty, Gulab Singh acquired "all the hilly or mountainous country with its dependencies situated to the eastward of the River Indus and the westward of the River Ravi including Chamba and excluding Lahul, being part of the territories ceded to the British Government by the Lahore State according to the provisions of Article IV of the Treaty of Lahore, dated 9th March, 1846." Under Article 3, Gulab Singh was to pay 75 lakhs (7.5 million) of Nanak Shahi rupees (the ruling currency of the Sikh Empire) to the British Government, along with other annual tributes.
Text of the treaty
Following is the detailed treaty of Amritsar:
Aftermath
right|thumb|300x300px|1846 showing the territory of Gulab Singh, including Hazara & Punjab (Lahore Durbar)
Hazara dispute
Following the Treaty of Amritsar, the British transferred Kashmir and its dependencies to Raja Gulab Singh in exchange for a payment of 75 lakh rupees. The treaty broadly defined the transferred region as "all the hilly or mountainous country with its dependencies situated eastward of the Indus and westward of the Ravi," which included the Hazara region.
In May 1846, Gulab Singh's official, Diwan Hari Chand, entered Lower Hazara via Khanpur and began collecting revenue on behalf of the Dogra state. While some local chiefs submitted peacefully—such as Raja Haidar Bakhsh of the Gakkhar clan—others, particularly Pashtun and Hindustani elements in Upper Hazara, resisted Dogra rule. The situation deteriorated into widespread disorder by late 1846. In response, a combined force under British supervision, including Lieutenant Lumsden, Mr. Vans Agnew, and local assistants, marched from
thumb|Military map of the Hazara region, surveyed by D. G. Robinson in 1848–49
Srinagar via Muzaffarabad to subdue the revolt. A key engagement occurred at the Dub Pass above Garhi Habibullah on 6 January 1847, after which the main tribal opposition was suppressed.
Despite these operations, Gulab Singh found Hazara increasingly difficult to govern due to its complex tribal structure, geography, and resistance to Dogra authority. Consequently, in early 1847, Gulab Singh ceded Hazara back to the Lahore Darbār (then under British Infulance after first anglo sikh war) in exchange for territory near Jammu, the exchange was valued at half the worth of Hazara, and included an equitable adjustment of jagirs and rent-free holdings. The returned land was located on the opposite side of the Jhelum River, closer to Gulab Singh’s existing dominions. They were the talukas of Kathua and Suchetgarh, along with part of Minawar.
Chamba dispute
Another dispute arose over whether Gulab Singh's new state included the entire Chamba region, especially areas on both sides of the Ravi River. Gulab Singh already held Lakhanpur, which the British had taken under the treaty, while the Raja of Chamba claimed Bhadrawah as granted earlier by Ranjit Singh. He also opposed falling under Gulab Singh’s rule, having previously paid tribute to the Sikh Empire. In 1847, Colonel Henry Lawrence mediated a settlement between Chamba, Kashmir, and the British. Under the agreement, Kashmir retained Bhadrawah, Lakhanpur, and Chandgraon; Chamba became independent of Kashmir; and the Raja accepted British suzerainty, ending ties to both Lahore and Kashmir rulers.
Hill chiefs dispute
In 1847, the British took control of the Sujanpur part of pathankot and some land between the Chaki and Beas rivers from Gulab Singh. This was done to cover the costs of supporting several hill chiefs who had left Kashmir and settled in British-controlled areas.
The agreement concerned the exchange of the districts of Hazara, Pakhli, and Kahuta—located west of the River Jhelum—for lands lying east of the Jhelum in the direction of Jammu. It was agreed that Captain J. Abbott, appointed as Boundary Commissioner, would examine the revenue records of the territory west of the Jhelum. After excluding jagirs and rent-free lands, he was to determine the yearly rent. Jammu would receive lands from the Lahore territory producing half of that rent value. Captain Abbott was then to demarcate a well-defined boundary to prevent future disputes. The boundary was to run west of the Jhelum River up to the border of Muzaffarabad, follow the Kishanganga (Karnah) River to a point determined by him, and then proceed via a clear and distinct line to the Indus River. Once the boundary was set, the mutual exchange of territories would be carried out. Both parties agreed to abide permanently by the terms of the agreement. Any future disputes would be referred to the Agent of the Governor-General, North-Western Frontier.
The agreement was signed in the presence of Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrence and required confirmation by the Governor-General of India. Copies of the agreement were to be delivered to both Darbars, and one was to be retained in the Agency Office.
- Dewan Jowala Sahai, Dewan Dina Nath Qazi, Mohkam-ud-din, Rai Kishen Chand
- H. M. Lawrence, Agent to the Governor-General and Resident at Lahore
See also
- Treaty of Lahore
- List of treaties