The Toyota Kijang is a series of pickup trucks, station wagons and light commercial vehicles produced and marketed mainly in Southeast Asia, Taiwan, India and South Africa by Toyota between 1976 and 2007 under various other names.
The vehicle first entered production in the Philippines as the Toyota Tamaraw in December 1976. It was then introduced in Indonesia in June 1977 as the Kijang, after its unnamed prototype model was showcased in Jakarta in mid-1975. The first two generations were produced from factory as pickup trucks, conversions to other body styles were conducted by local third-party companies. Availability of the model was expanded to more markets since the third-generation model, such as Africa and Taiwan.
The Kijang was relatively affordable in the markets where it was sold when compared to the four-wheel drive vehicles (it is predominantly rear-wheel drive) and had high seating capacity, high ground clearance and rugged suspension, popular features in an area with generally poor road conditions and large extended families. It was also designed with ease of manufacture in mind; in 1986, the assembly of the Kijang only cost 42 percent of the cost of assembling the smaller E80 Corolla. It was manufactured as a CKD (complete knock-down) unit in almost every country it was sold in and many of the parts come from each of the markets in which it was sold.
The name Kijang means muntjac or deer in Indonesian. Due to the varying names used in different countries, the vehicle is internally known as the 'TUV', short for 'Toyota Utility Vehicle'. Fourth-generation models in the Philippines were sold under the Toyota Revo nameplate. The Kijang was also sold in other countries, and is known as the Toyota Qualis in India and Nepal (third generation), Toyota Zace in Vietnam and Taiwan (third and fourth generation), Toyota Unser in Malaysia (fourth generation) and Toyota Stallion in Africa for the basic models (third and fourth generation), with higher specifications labelled Toyota Venture (third generation) and Toyota Condor in South Africa (fourth generation).
<!-- Similar to the Honda Super Cub motorcycle, the Kijang is widely considered as a cultural icon in Indonesia, analogous to the Volkswagen Beetle in Germany, the Mini in the United Kingdom, and the VAZ-2101 in Russia. Notably, the third and fourth-generation models gained popularity resurgence in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic among Indonesian youths as part of a nostalgia culture. -->
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First generation (F10; 1976)
The Kijang prototype was first displayed at the 1975 Jakarta Fair and then entered production in 1977. The name Kijang means muntjac or deer in Indonesian, and is also an acronym for "Kerjasama Indonesia-Jepang" (Indonesia-Japan Cooperation). Its development was led by Osamu Ohta with Ohyama as the chief engineer in 1972. The first-generation Kijang is a compact, light pickup truck powered by a carburetted 1.2-litre 3K four-cylinder OHV petrol engine matched to a 4-speed manual transmission. A pickup variant with rear body and roof was also produced. The Kijang Minibus (van/wagon version) was built by local companies.
The Kijang first entered the Indonesian market on 9 June 1977, although it had been on sale in the Philippines since 2 December 1976. It has a boxy design with externally hinged half doors and plastic/canvas windows. Designated KF10, it shared the 3K engine with the 1972 Corolla, coupled to a 4-speed manual transmission. It was colloquially nicknamed 'Kijang Buaya' (meaning "Crocodile Kijang") as the engine bonnet resembled a crocodile's mouth once opened. The KF10 Kijang sold 26,806 units in its 4 years of production when it would be replaced by the second-generation model.
Tamaraw (Philippines)
In the Philippines, the Kijang was sold as the Tamaraw (named for one of the country's national animals, the Tamaraw), produced in the 1970s up to early 1980s. Introduced in December 1976, it started as a small ton high-side pick-up (HSPU) with a 1.2-litre 3K engine producing , and was produced by the now-defunct Delta Motors, which assembled Toyota vehicles in the Philippines. It was considered as a "BUV", or "Basic Utility Vehicle".
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File:Toyota-Tamaraw.JPG|Toyota Tamaraw (KF10, Philippines) at the Toyota Automobile Museum
File:Toyota-Tamarawinterior.JPG|Tamaraw interior
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Second generation (F20/F30; 1981)
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Introduced in November 1986, the third-generation Kijang was offered in short-wheelbase (F40 series) and long-wheelbase (F50 series) versions. The Kijang was redesigned to be larger and heavier, and no longer prioritised as a pickup truck-based model. The Standard trim level had a 4-speed manual transmission, while the Super variant had a 5-speed manual transmission and a better-equipped interior. Introduced in this generation was "Full Pressed Body" wagon built by companies appointed by Toyota. This technique were applied to reduce usage of putties up to for each car.
The Kijang received its first facelift in August 1992. The steering mechanism was changed from recirculating ball to rack and pinion. The wagon model received a right-side rear door and adopted a new name, "Toyota Original Body", instead of "Full Pressed Body". In its creation process, it was fully pressed and used pointed welding. Up to this time, this model can be said as the one and only putty-free Kijang. The trim levels for the wagon model were:
- Standard (SX and LX; KF42 and KF52): a base model with 4-speed manual transmission, 13-inch steel wheels, standard dashboard, and no power features.
- Deluxe (SSX and LSX; KF42 and KF52): an upgraded version of the base Kijang with a refined dashboard, better quality interior materials, 13-inch steel wheels with covers, single air conditioning, basic audio system with a radio receiver.
- Super G or G-series Kijang (SSX-G and LSX-G; KF42 and KF52): similar to the Deluxe trim, adds power steering and seat belts as standard equipment.
- Grand Extra (SGX and LGX; KF42 and KF52): the top-of-the-range model with double blower air conditioning, Enkei 14-inch alloy wheels, overfenders, suede-covered door trim and seats, power steering, front power windows, digital clock, tachometer, 4 speaker audio system with a tape deck and radio receiver (CD player available as optional), alarm and central door locks.
- Rover: Coach-built model with a restyled body resembling the 70-series Land Cruiser available either as a 4-door (Rover) or 5-door (Grand Rover) wagon in either short or long wheelbase. Front Reclining seats and folding middle seats are standard on all trims while super variants include headrests, Console Box, and footsteps as standard equipment. Air conditioning and a radio/cassette are available as options. Power steering was later added with the 1992 refresh with the 4-door Rover model subsequently being discontinued and the model name was later changed to "RoverAce" after receiving objections from the British automobile manufacturer Rover.
- Jantan: Higher-end trim variant to the Kijang Rover that was first introduced in executive trim which added wood trim, power windows to all four seats, front and rear air conditioning, 4 speaker audio system, central locking, and alloy wheels. An entry-level G variant and a 4x2 (short only) sporty variant was introduced alongside the original executive variant. The 4x2 adds a larger rear door that covers the full width of the vehicle and a door-mounted spare wheel, however it does not have rear air conditioning.
- Kencana (KF42 and KF52): a coach-built model based on Kijang Rover/Jantan with higher roof and higher ground clearance. This model retains the side-opening rear door of low roof models instead of the liftgate received by international high roof models.
- Perkasa: 2-door, coach-built model with a removable fiberglass canopy
In April 1995, the Kijang received a second facelift, including a redesigned grille with vertical bars, usage of Enkei 14-inch alloy wheels on the G-series Kijang and the Supra A70/A80-styled five spoke, 14-inch alloy wheels on the Grand Extra Kijang, redesigned steering wheel, addition of tachometers, central door lock and power windows for Deluxe trim, and larger 1.8-litre 7K engine. With the introduction of the 7K engine, the production of the 5K engine was completely stopped. On 17 August 1995, 4-speed automatic transmission was introduced as an optional modification for the SGX and LGX models for the first time in the Kijang. This 1995–1996 version was a special model to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Indonesian independence.
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File:Toyota Super Kijang (front), Denpasar.jpg|1992 Toyota Kijang Deluxe LSX-G (KF52; first facelift, Indonesia)
File:Toyota Super Kijang (rear), Denpasar.jpg|1992 Toyota Kijang Deluxe LSX-G (KF52; first facelift, Indonesia)
File:1995 Toyota Kijang Grand Extra 1.5 wagon (KF52; 01-12-2019), South Tangerang.jpg|Toyota Kijang Grand Extra LGX (KF52; first facelift, Indonesia)
File:Toyota Kijang Deluxe SSX 1993 (KF42).jpg|Toyota Kijang Deluxe SSX (KF42; second facelift, Indonesia)
File:Toyota Kijang Pickup.jpg|Toyota Kijang pickup (Indonesia)
File:SSX Interior.jpg|1992 Toyota Kijang SSX interior, with an aftermarket head unit and steering wheel cover
File:5K engine.jpg|1.5 L 5K engine in the 1992 Kijang
File:1996 Toyota 7K Engine.jpg|1.8 L 7K engine in the 1995 Kijang
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Tamaraw FX (Philippines)
thumb|Toyota Tamaraw FX GL (Philippines)
In the Philippines, versions of the Kijang were sold as the Tamaraw FX when it was introduced in 1991 as a high side pickup and in 1993 as a wagon. The Tamaraw FX was available either with a 1.5 5K petrol engine, a 1.8-litre 7K petrol engine or a 2.0-litre 2C diesel engine, all coupled with a 5-speed manual transmission. Power was and Deluxe and GL trim levels. The GL trim included power steering, cloth interior, cloth seats, a digital clock, door pocket, a 4 speaker cassette radio, body cladding and 14 inch alloy wheels. Deluxe and standard models had steel wheels, 2 speaker cassette decks, and vinyl interiors, however deluxe models received full width side steps and bucket front seats. Dual AC was standard on all wagon models. The pickup variant was available in 11-seater high side pickup form and later in chassis cab configuration. In 2000, Deluxe, GL, and diesel wagon variants were discontinued leaving only the 1.8 standard wagon and pickup variants to be sold alongside the Revo until 2002 when the Tamaraw was finally discontinued.
The Tamaraw FX was meant for use as a passenger wagon. It still retained the ruggedness of the old Tamaraw and is ideal for rough roads and carrying heavy loads. It was assembled by Toyota Motor Philippines in its Parañaque plant that was formerly operated by Delta Motors with the pickup version rolled-out off the assembly line in October 1991 and the wagon version in December 1993. Also around that time, after Ford left the Philippines in 1984, Pilipinas Nissan bought the rights to produce the Fiera IV under the name Nissan Bida;
Zace (Vietnam and Taiwan)
The Kijang was sold in Vietnam and Taiwan under the Zace name. Introduced in Taiwan in 1988 the station wagon model was offered in either low roof long-wheelbase wagon with regular side-opening rear door and a high roof version lift gate variant while a pickup variant was also offered with a choice of either a 1.5L (5K) or 1.8 (7K) engine. The Taiwanese market Zace wagons was offered in either 5/8 seater configurations.
The Venture was available with three engine choices: a 1.8 (2Y) petrol, 2.2 (4Y) petrol, and a 2.4 (2L) diesel. Standard equipment includes Gear lock, Rear wiper and Washer, Power steering (unavailable with the 1.8 petrol engine), Air conditioning (available for 2.2-engined models only), and a ten-seat configuration. 2.2 Engine models also include an immobiliser alarm as standard (optional on 1.8 and 2.4D models) while the range-topping 2.2 GLE adds a 9-seater configuration, central locking, and makes a cassette radio standard equipment (optional on other variants). A rear differential lock is an available option for 2.4D and 2.2GLE models.
The Stallion was available in either Panel van or as a Single Cab Truck with a 1.8 (2Y) petrol engine mated to a 4-Speed Manual while the 2.4 (2L) diesel was available for the pickup body style with a 5-speed manual transmission as an option. The Pickup Variants van also be optioned to be delivered as a chassis cab while the 1.8 pickup is also offered with optional 14" alloy wheels.
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File:Toyota Venture van, ZA 1995.jpg|Toyota Venture van (South Africa)
File:Toyota Venture van rear, ZA 1995.jpg|Toyota Venture van (South Africa)
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Qualis (India)
thumb|Toyota Qualis FS (India)
The third-generation Kijang was launched in India in January 2000 as Toyota's first entry into India's automobile market following a joint venture with the Kirloskar Group in 1997. The Kijang was sold in India under the Qualis name. The Qualis was based on the third-generation global model, but updated with front and rear styling, an updated interior making use of the switch gear, instrument cluster and rear air conditioning blower unit from the fourth-generation Kijang. Critics said the vehicle was outdated that came with an outdated design and did not expect it to sell well. However, Qualis was a hit as the vehicle was welcomed by taxi companies, fleet operators and large Indian families over others like Tata's Sumo and Mahindra's Bolero.
The Qualis was initially sold only with a 2.4-litre 2L-II SOHC diesel upon its introduction in 2000 in FS/GS/GST trims while the fuel-injected 2.0-litre 1RZ-E SOHC petrol engine was later made available in the range topping GST Super. The FS model (10-seater) is the base trim with a vinyl interior, power steering and front air conditioning (later included in refreshed models as standard) as options. The middle grade GS trim (10 seater/8 seater) gets better cloth interior with better sound deadening, power steering, front air conditioning (rear AC available as an option), and body cladding as standard with power windows and central locking offered as options. The top-end 8 seater GST and the petrol GST Super included front fog lamps, rear wiper and washer, wood trim, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, and all GS options as standard. The model range would get revamped in 2002 that brought roll down windows to the second-row doors with power windows for all four doors and central locking being standard to the now 8 seater only GS variant with rear AC and rear wiper and washer offered as options while the range topping GST/GST Super was replaced by a new 7-seater RS variant with captain seats.
The Qualis was discontinued in January 2005.