Tonne - WikiHQ

The tonne ( or ; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms. It is a non-SI unit accepted for use with SI. It is also referred to as a metric ton in the United States to distinguish it from the non-metric units of the short ton and the long ton. One tonne is equivalent to approximately 2,204.6 pounds, 1.102 short tons, and 0.984 long tons. The exact corresponding SI unit is the megagram (symbol Mg), a less common way to express the same mass.

Symbol and abbreviations

The BIPM symbol for the tonne is t, adopted at the same time as the unit in 1879. Its use is also official for the metric ton in the United States, having been adopted by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). It is a symbol, not an abbreviation, and should not be followed by a period. Use of lower case is significant, and use of other letter combinations can lead to ambiguity. For example, T, MT, mT, are the SI symbols for the tesla, megatesla, and millitesla, respectively, while Mt and mt are SI-compatible symbols for the megatonne (one teragram) and millitonne (one kilogram). If describing TNT equivalent units of energy, one megatonne of TNT is equivalent to approximately 4.184 petajoules.

Origin and spelling

In English, tonne is an established spelling alternative to metric ton. In American English and British English, tonne is usually pronounced the same as ton (), but the final "e" can also be pronounced, i.e. "tunnie" (). In Australian English, the common and recommended pronunciation is . In the United States, metric ton is the name for this unit used and recommended by NIST; an unqualified mention of a ton typically refers to a short ton of 2000 lb (907.2 kg) and to a lesser extent to a long ton of 2240 lb (1016 kg), with the term tonne rarely used in speech or writing. Both terms are acceptable in Canadian English.

Ton and tonne are both derived from a Germanic word in general use in the North Sea area since the Middle Ages ( Old English and Old Frisian , Old High German and Medieval Latin , German and French ) to designate a large cask, or tun. A full tun, standing about a metre high, could easily weigh a tonne. See also the common German word ().

The spelling tonne pre-dates the introduction of the SI in 1960; it has been used with this meaning in France since 1842, when there were no metric prefixes for multiples of 10<sup>6</sup> and above, and is now used as the standard spelling for the metric mass measurement in most English-speaking countries. In the United States, the unit was originally referred to using the French words or , but these terms are now obsolete. The British imperial and United States customary units are comparable to the tonne and the spelling of ton in English is the same, though they differ in mass.

French pre-metric tonne

Prior to metrification the French tonne consisted of 2000 French pounds (livres). Therefore a French tonne of that era weighed 979 kg compared to an English ton of 1016 kg. Prior to the use of tonne for this weight tonneau (plural: tonneaux) was used.

Conversions

One tonne is equivalent to:

by definition.
or 1 megagram (Mg). Megagram is the corresponding official SI unit with the same mass; it is rarely used, in part because the base SI unit of mass is the kilogram, not the gram. Mg is distinct from mg, milligram.
pounds (lb), by definition of the pound, or approximately .
short tons (tn), exactly, or approximately  tn.
One short ton is exactly .
long tons (LT), exactly, or approximately  LT.
One long ton is exactly .

! Name !! Symbol

! Tonnes (t) !! Short Tons (tn) !! Long Tons (LT)

| gigagram ||Gg

| ||  tn ||  LT

| megatonne ||Mt

| teragram ||Tg

| ||  million tn ||  LT

| gigatonne||Gt

| petagram||Pg

| ||  billion tn ||  million LT

The following excerpt from a mining geology textbook describes its usage in the particular case of tungsten:

In the case of uranium, MTU is sometimes used in the sense of metric ton of uranium ().

Use of mass as proxy for energy

The tonne of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is used as a proxy for energy, usually of explosions (TNT is a common high explosive). Prefixes are used: kiloton(ne), megaton(ne), gigaton(ne), especially for expressing nuclear weapon yield, based on a specific combustion energy of TNT of about 4.2 MJ/kg (or one thermochemical calorie per milligram). Hence, 1 t TNT = 4.2 GJ, 1 kt TNT = approx. 4.2 TJ, 1 Mt TNT = approx. 4.2 PJ.

The SI unit of energy is the joule. One tonne of TNT is approximately equivalent to 4.2 gigajoules.

In the petroleum industry, the tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is a unit of energy: the amount of energy released by burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ. There are several slightly different definitions. This is ten times as much as a tonne of TNT because atmospheric oxygen is used.

Unit of force

Like the gram and the kilogram, the tonne gave rise to a (now obsolete) force unit of the same name, the tonne-force, equivalent to about 9.8 kilonewtons. The unit is also often called simply "tonne" or "metric ton" without identifying it as a unit of force. In contrast to the tonne as a mass unit, the tonne-force is not accepted for use with SI.

Notes and references

; Notes

; Citations

External links

NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)