This is a record of notable programming languages, by decade.
1790s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Developer
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1790
| Jacquard loom (concept)
| Jacquard machine (implementation)
| BAB L1
|- class="sortbottom"
|}
1840s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Developer
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1843
| Note G
| Gottlob Frege
|
|- class="sortbottom"
|}
1940s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1943–45/46
| Plankalkül
| Konrad Zuse
|
|-
| 1943–46
| ENIAC coding system
| John von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, and Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing
|
|-
| 1946
| ENIAC Short Code
| Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing
|
|-
| 1947–52
| ARC/Birkbeck Assembler
| Kathleen Booth
| ENIAC Short Code
|-
| 1948
| Plankalkül (year of publication)
| Konrad Zuse
|
|-
|rowspan=2 | 1949
| EDSAC Initial Orders
| David Wheeler
| ENIAC coding system
|-
| Short Code (originally known<br>as Brief Code)
| John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt
| ENIAC Short Code
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
1950s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1950
| Short Code (for UNIVAC I)
| William F. Schmitt
| Short Code
|-
|rowspan=7 | 1951
| Superplan
| Heinz Rutishauser
| Plankalkül
|-
| ALGAE
| Edward A. Voorhees, Karl Balke
|
|-
| Intermediate Programming Language
| Arthur Burks
| Short Code
|-
| Boehm unnamed coding system
| Corrado Böhm
| CPC Coding scheme
|-
| Klammerausdrücke
| Konrad Zuse
| Plankalkül
|-
| Stanislaus (Notation)
| Fritz Bauer
|
|-
| Sort Merge Generator
| Betty Holberton
|
|-
|rowspan=6 |1952
| Short Code (for UNIVAC II)
| Albert B. Tonik, J. R. Logan
| Short Code (for UNIVAC I)
|-
| A-0
| Grace Hopper
| Short Code
|-
| Glennie Autocode
| Alick Glennie
| CPC Coding scheme
|-
| Operator programming
| Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation Kateryna Yushchenko
| MESM
|-
| Editing Generator
| Milly Koss
| SORT/MERGE
|-
| COMPOOL
| RAND/SDC
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |1953
| Speedcoding
| John W. Backus
|
|-
| READ/PRINT
| Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman
|
|-
|rowspan=6 |1954
| Laning and Zierler system
| J. Halcombe Laning, Niel Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind
|
|-
| Mark I Autocode
| Tony Brooker
| Glennie Autocode
|-
| ARITH-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
|rowspan=2 |A-0
|-
| MATH-MATIC
| Team led by Charles Katz
|-
| MATRIX MATH
| H G Kahrimanian
|
|-
| IPL I (concept)
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon
|
|-
| 1954–55
| FORTRAN (concept)
| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
| Speedcoding
|-
|rowspan=6 |1955
| Address programming language
| Kateryna Yushchenko
| Operator programming
|-
| FLOW-MATIC
| Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC
| A-0
|-
| BACAIC
| M. Grems, R. Porter
|
|-
| PACT I
| SHARE
| FORTRAN, A-2
|-
| Freiburger Code
| University of Freiburg
|
|-
| IBM
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |1955–56
| Sequentielle Formelübersetzung
| Fritz Bauer, Karl Samelson
| Boehm
|-
| IT
| Team led by Alan Perlis
| Laning and Zierler
|-
| 1956–58
| LISP (concept)
| John McCarthy
| IPL
|-
|rowspan=4 |1957
| COMTRAN
| Bob Bemer
| FLOW-MATIC
|-
| GEORGE
| Charles Leonard Hamblin
|
|-
| FORTRAN I (implementation)
| John W. Backus at IBM
| FORTRAN
|-
| COMIT (concept)
| Victor Yngve
|
|-
| 1957–58
| UNICODE
| Remington Rand UNIVAC
| MATH-MATIC
|-
|rowspan=4 |1958
| FORTRAN II
| Team led by John W. Backus at IBM
| FORTRAN I
|-
| ALGOL 58 (IAL)
| ACM/GAMM
| FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung
|-
| IPL II (implementation)
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon
| IPL I
|-
| IPL V
| Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. Simon
| IPL II
|-
|rowspan=7 |1959
| APT
| Douglas T. Ross
|
|-
| FACT
| Fletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. Patrick
|
|-
| COBOL (concept)
| The CODASYL Committee
| FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT
|-
| JOVIAL
| Jules Schwartz at SDC
| ALGOL 58
|-
| LISP (implementation)
| Steve Russell
| IPL
|-
| MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder
| Bruce Arden, Bernard Galler, Robert M. Graham
| ALGOL 58
|-
| TRAC (concept)
| Calvin Mooers
|
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
1960s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1960
| ALGOL 60
|
| ALGOL 58
|-
| 1960
| COBOL 61 (implementation)
| The CODASYL Committee
| FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN
|-
| 1960
| SAKO
| Leon Łukaszewicz, et al., Polish Academy of Sciences
|
|-
| 1961
| COMIT (implementation)
| Victor Yngve
|
|-
| 1961
| GPSS
| Geoffrey Gordon, IBM
|
|-
| 1962
| FORTRAN IV
| IBM
| FORTRAN II
|-
| 1962
| APL (concept)
| Kenneth E. Iverson
|
|-
| 1962
| Simula (concept)
| Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly)
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1962
| SNOBOL
| Ralph Griswold, et al.
| FORTRAN II, COMIT
|-
| 1963
| Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept)
| Barron, Christopher Strachey, et al.
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1963
| SNOBOL3
| Griswold, et al.
| SNOBOL
|-
| 1963
| ALGOL 68 (concept)
| Adriaan van Wijngaarden, et al.
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1963
| JOSS I
| Cliff Shaw, RAND
| ALGOL 58
|-
| 1964
| MIMIC
| H. E. Petersen, et al.
| MIDAS
|-
| 1964
| COWSEL
| Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone
| CPL, LISP
|-
| 1964
| PL/I (concept)
| IBM
| ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
|-
| 1964
| Basic Assembly Language
| IBM
| Assembly language
|-
| 1964
| BASIC
| John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College
| FORTRAN II, JOSS
|-
| 1964
| IBM RPG
| IBM
| FARGO
|-
| 1964
| Mark-IV
| Informatics
|
|-
| 1964
| Speakeasy-2
| Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory
| Speakeasy
|-
| 1964
| TRAC (implementation)
| Calvin Mooers
|
|-
| 1964
| P′′
| Corrado Böhm
|
|-
| 1964?
| IITRAN
|
|
|-
| 1965
| RPG II
| IBM
| FARGO, RPG
|-
| 1965
| MAD/I (concept)
| University of Michigan
| MAD, ALGOL 60, PL/I
|-
| 1965
| TELCOMP
| BBN
| JOSS
|-
| 1965
| Atlas Autocode
| Tony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester University
| ALGOL 60, Autocode
|-
| 1965
| PL360 (concept)
| Niklaus Wirth
| ALGOL 60, ESPOL
|-
| 1966
| JOSS II
| Chuck Baker, RAND
| JOSS I
|-
| 1966
| ALGOL W
| Niklaus Wirth, C. A. R. Hoare<!-- "A Contribution to the Development of Algol" in [ACM] (1966) [ACM] CACM 9(06) June 1966 -->
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1966
| FORTRAN 66
| John Backus and his team
| FORTRAN IV
|-
| 1966
| ISWIM (concept)
| Peter J. Landin
| LISP
|-
| 1966
| CORAL 66
| I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1966
| APL (implementation)
| Kenneth E. Iverson
|
|-
| 1967
| BCPL
| Martin Richards
| CPL
|-
| 1967
| MUMPS
| Massachusetts General Hospital
| FORTRAN, TELCOMP
|-
| 1967
| Simula 67 (implementation)
| Ole-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1967
| Interlisp
| D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy
| Lisp
|-
| 1967
| EXAPT
| Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin
| APT
|-
| 1967
| SNOBOL4
| Ralph Griswold, et al.
| SNOBOL3
|-
| 1967
| XPL
| William M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California, Santa Cruz<br />J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford University
| PL/I
|-
| 1968
| ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIP standard)
| Adriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al.<!-- The final version, MR 101, was adopted by the Working Group on 20 December 1968 in Munich, and was subsequently approved for publication by the General Assembly of I.F.I.P. -->
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1968
| COBOL 1968
| American National Standard COBOL (X3.23-1968)
| COBOL
|-
| 1968
| POP-1
| Rod Burstall, Robin Popplestone
| COWSEL
|-
| 1968
| DIBOL-8
| DEC
| DIBOL
|-
| 1968
| Forth (concept)
| Moore
|
|-
| 1968
| Logo
| Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert, Cynthia Solomon
| LISP
|-
| 1968
| MAPPER
| Unisys
| CRT RPS
|-
| 1968
| REFAL (implementation)
| Valentin Turchin
|
|-
| 1968
| TTM (implementation)
| Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of Technology
| GAP, GPM
|-
| 1968
| PILOT
| John Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San Francisco
| Computest
|-
| 1968
| PL360 (implementation)
| Niklaus Wirth
| ALGOL 60, ESPOL
|-
| 1968
| PL/S (as Basic Systems Language)
| IBM
| Assembly language
|-
| 1969
| PL/I (implementation)
| IBM
| ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN
|-
| 1969
| B
| Ken Thompson, with contributions from Dennis Ritchie
| BCPL, Fortran
|-
| 1969
| Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL)
| Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University
|
|-
| 1969
| SETL
| Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1969
| TUTOR
| Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
|
|-
| 1969
| Edinburgh IMP
| Edinburgh University
| ALGOL 60, Autocode, Atlas Autocode
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
1970s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1970
| Forth (implementation)
| Charles H. Moore
|
|-
| 1970
| POP-2
| Robin Popplestone
| POP-1
|-
| 1970
| SAIL
| Dan Swinehart, Bob Sproull
| ALGOL 60
|-
| 1970
| Pascal
| Niklaus Wirth, Kathleen Jensen
| ALGOL 60, ALGOL W
|-
| 1970
| BLISS
| Wulf, Russell, Habermann at Carnegie Mellon University
| ALGOL
|-
| 1971
| KRL
| Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford University
| KM, FRL (MIT)
|-
| 1971
| Compiler Description Language (CDL)
| Cornelis H.A. Koster at University of Nijmegen
|
|-
| 1972
| Smalltalk-72
| Alan Kay, Adele Goldberg, Dan Ingalls, Xerox PARC
| Simula 67
|-
| 1972
| PL/M
| Gary Kildall at Digital Research
| PL/I, ALGOL, XPL
|-
| 1972
| C
| Dennis Ritchie
| B, BCPL, ALGOL 68
|-
| 1972
| INTERCAL
| Don Woods, James M. Lyon
|
|-
| 1972
| Prolog
| Alain Colmerauer
| 2-level W-Grammar
|-
| 1972
| Structured Query language (SQL)
| IBM
| ALPHA, Quel (Ingres)
|-
| 1972
| SASL
| David Turner at University of St Andrews
| ISWIM
|-
| 1973
| COMAL
| Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt
| Pascal, BASIC
|-
| 1973
| ML
| Robin Milner
|
|-
| 1973
| LIS
| Jean Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull
| Pascal, Sue
|-
| 1973
| Speakeasy-3
| Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory
| Speakeasy-2
|-
| 1974
| CLU
| Barbara Liskov
| ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula
|-
| 1974
| GRASS
| Thomas A. DeFanti
| BASIC
|-
| 1974
| COBOL 1974
| ANSI X3.23-1974
| COBOL 1968
|-
| 1974
| BASIC FOUR
| MAI BASIC Four Inc.
| Business BASIC
|-
| 1974
| PROSE modeling language
| CDC 6600 Cybernet Services
| SLANG, FORTRAN
|-
| 1974
| sed
| Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs
| ed
|-
| 1975
| ABC
| Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens
| SETL
|-
| 1975
| PROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version
| CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services
| SLANG, FORTRAN
|-
| 1975
| Scheme
| Gerald Jay Sussman, Guy L. Steele Jr.
| LISP
|-
| 1975
| Altair BASIC
| Bill Gates, Paul Allen
| BASIC
|-
| 1975
| Modula
| Niklaus Wirth
| Pascal
|-
| 1976
| Smalltalk-76
| Xerox PARC
| Smalltalk-72
|-
| 1976
| Mesa
| Xerox PARC
| ALGOL
|-
| 1976
| Ratfor
| Brian Kernighan
| C, FORTRAN
|-
| 1976
| S
| John Chambers at Bell Labs
| APL, PPL, Scheme
|-
| 1976
| SAS
| SAS Institute
|
|-
| 1976
| Integer BASIC
| Steve Wozniak
| BASIC
|-
| 1977
| FP
| John Backus
|
|-
| 1977
| Bourne Shell (sh)
| Stephen R. Bourne
|
|-
| 1977
| Commodore BASIC
| Jack Tramiel
| BASIC
|-
| 1977
| IDL
| David Stern of Research Systems Inc
| Fortran
|-
| 1977
| Standard MUMPS
|
| MUMPS
|-
| 1977
| Icon (concept)
| Ralph Griswold
| SNOBOL
|-
| 1977
| Euclid
| Butler Lampson at Xerox PARC, Ric Holt and James Cordy at University of Toronto
|
|-
| 1977
| Applesoft BASIC
| Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland
| BASIC
|-
| 1978
| RAPT
| Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone
| APT
|-
| 1978
| C shell
| Bill Joy
| C
|-
| 1978
| RPG III
| IBM
| FARGO, RPG, RPG II
|-
| 1978
| HAL/S
| designed by Intermetrics for NASA
| XPL
|-
| 1978
| Applesoft II BASIC
| Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland
| Applesoft BASIC
|-
| 1978?
| MATLAB
| Cleve Moler at the University of New Mexico
| Fortran
|-
| 1978?
| SMALL
| Nevil Brownlee at the University of Auckland
| Algol60
|-
| 1978
| VisiCalc
| Dan Bricklin, Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorp
|
|-
| 1979
| TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)
| Texas Instruments
| BASIC
|-
| 1979
| Modula-2
| Niklaus Wirth
| Modula, Mesa
|-
| 1979
| REXX
| Mike Cowlishaw at IBM
| PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2
|-
| 1979
| AWK
| Alfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian Kernighan
| C, SNOBOL
|-
| 1979
| Icon (implementation)
| Ralph Griswold
| SNOBOL
|-
| 1979
| Vulcan dBase-II
| Wayne Ratliff
| RETRIEVE
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
1980s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1980
| Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815)
| Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull
| ALGOL 68, Green
|-
| 1980
| C with classes
| Bjarne Stroustrup
| C, Simula 67
|-
| 1980
| Applesoft III
| Apple Computer
| Applesoft II BASIC
|-
| 1980
| Apple III Microsoft BASIC
| Microsoft
| Microsoft BASIC
|-
| 1980–81
| CBASIC
| Gordon Eubanks
| BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research
|-
| 1980
| Smalltalk-80
| Adele Goldberg at Xerox PARC
| Smalltalk-76
|-
| 1981
| TI Extended BASIC
| Texas Instruments
| TI BASIC (TI 99/4A)
|-
| 1981
| BBC BASIC
| Acorn Computers, Sophie Wilson
| BASIC
|-
| 1981
| IBM BASICA
| Microsoft
| BASIC
|-
| 1982?
| Speakeasy-IV
| Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation
| Speakeasy-3
|-
| 1982?
| Draco
| Chris Gray
| Pascal, C, ALGOL 68
|-
| 1982
| PostScript
| Warnock
| InterPress
|-
|1982
|Turing
|Ric Holt and James Cordy, at University of Toronto
|Euclid
|-
| 1983
| GW-BASIC
| Microsoft
| IBM BASICA
|-
| 1983
| Turbo Pascal
| Hejlsberg at Borland
| Pascal
|-
| 1983
| Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A)
| Jean Ichbiah at Alsys
| Ada 80, Green
|-
| 1983
| Objective-C
| Brad Cox
| Smalltalk, C
|-
| 1983
| C++
| Bjarne Stroustrup
| C with Classes
|-
| 1983
| True BASIC
| John George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College
| BASIC
|-
| 1983
| occam
| David May
| EPL
|-
| 1983?
| ABAP
| SAP AG
|-
| 1983
| KornShell (ksh)
| David Korn
| sh
|-
|1983
|Clascal
| Apple Computer
| Pascal
|-
|| 1984
| CLIPPER
| Nantucket
| dBase
|-
| 1984
| Common Lisp
| Guy L. Steele, Jr., many others
| LISP
|-
| 1984
| Rocq (then: Coq)
| INRIA
|
|-
| 1984
| RPL
| Hewlett-Packard
| Forth, Lisp
|-
| 1984
| Standard ML
|
| ML
|-
| 1984
| Redcode
| Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones
|
|-
| 1984
| OPL
| Psion
| BASIC
|-
| 1985
| COBOL 1985
| ISO/IEC 1989:1985
| COBOL 74
|-
| 1985
| PARADOX
| Borland
| dBase
|-
| 1985
| QuickBASIC
| Microsoft
| BASIC
|-
| 1986
| Clarion
| Bruce Barrington
|
|-
| 1986
| CorVision
| Cortex
| INFORM
|-
| 1986
| Eiffel
| Bertrand Meyer
| Simula 67, Ada
|-
| 1986
| GFA BASIC
| Frank Ostrowski
| BASIC
|-
| 1986
| Informix-4GL
| Informix
|
|-
| 1986
| LabVIEW
| National Instruments
|
|-
| 1986
| Miranda
| David Turner at University of Kent
| SASL
|-
| 1986
| Object Pascal
| Apple Computer
| Pascal
|-
| 1986
| PROMAL
|
| C
|-
| 1986
| Erlang
| Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson
| PLEX, Prolog
|-
| 1987
| Ada ISO 8652:1987
| ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged
| Ada 83
|-
| 1987
| Self (concept)
| Sun Microsystems Inc.
| Smalltalk
|-
| 1987
| occam 2
| David May and INMOS
| occam
|-
| 1987
| HyperTalk
| Apple Computer
|
|-
| 1987
| Clean
| Software Technology Research Group of Radboud University Nijmegen
|
|-
| 1987
| Perl
| Larry Wall
| C, sed, awk, sh
|-
| 1987
| Oberon
| Niklaus Wirth
| Modula-2
|-
| 1987
| Turbo Basic
| Robert 'Bob' Zale
| BASIC/Z
|-
| 1988
| Mathematica (Wolfram Language<!-- was named that years later, is the language of the larger system Mathematica. -->)
| Wolfram Research
|
|-
| 1988
| Octave
|
| MATLAB
|-
| 1988
| Tcl
| John Ousterhout
| Awk, Lisp
|-
| 1988
| STOS BASIC
| François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos
| BASIC
|-
| 1988
| Actor
| Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group
| Forth, Smalltalk
|-
| 1988
| Object REXX
| Simon C. Nash
| REXX, Smalltalk
|-
| 1988
| SPARK
| Bernard A. Carré
| Ada
|-
| 1988
| A+
| Arthur Whitney
| APL, A
|-
| 1988
| Hamilton C shell
| Nicole Hamilton
| C shell
|-
| 1988–1989
|C90
|C90 ISO/IEC 9899:1990
|C
|-
| 1989
| Turbo Pascal OOP
| Anders Hejlsberg at Borland
| Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal
|-
| 1989
| Modula-3
| Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti
| Modula-2
|-
| 1989
| PowerBASIC
| Robert 'Bob' Zale
| Turbo Basic
|-
| 1989
| VisSim
| Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions
|
|-
| 1989
| LPC
| Lars Pensjö
|
|-
| 1989
| Bash
| Brian Fox
| Bourne shell, C shell, KornShell
|-
| 1989
| Magik
| Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd
| Smalltalk
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
1990s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 1990
| Sather
| Steve Omohundro
| Eiffel
|-
| 1990
| AMOS BASIC
| François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos
| STOS BASIC
|-
| 1990
| AMPL
| Robert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories
|
|-
| 1990
| Object Oberon
| H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer
| Oberon
|-
| 1990
| J
| Kenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson Software
| APL, FP
|-
| 1990
| Haskell
|
| Miranda, Clean
|-
| 1990
| EuLisp
|
| Common Lisp, Scheme
|-
| 1990
| Z shell (zsh)
| Paul Falstad at Princeton University
| ksh
|-
| 1990
| SKILL
| T. J. Barnes at Cadence Design Systems
| Franz Lisp
|-
| 1991
| GNU E
| David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey
| C++
|-
| 1991
| Oberon-2
| Hanspeter Mössenböck, Niklaus Wirth
| Object Oberon
|-
| 1991
| Oz
| Gert Smolka and his students
| Prolog
|-
| 1991
| Q
| Albert Gräf
|
|-
| 1991
| Python
| Guido van Rossum
| Perl, ABC, C
|-
| 1991
| Visual Basic
| Alan Cooper, sold to Microsoft
| QuickBASIC
|-
| 1992
| Borland Pascal
|
| Turbo Pascal OOP
|-
| 1992
| Dylan
| Many people at Apple Computer
| Common Lisp, Scheme
|-
| 1992
| S-Lang
| John E. Davis
| PostScript
|-
| 1993?
| Self (implementation)
| Sun Microsystems
| Smalltalk
|-
| 1993
| Amiga E
| Wouter van Oortmerssen
| DEX, C, Modula-2
|-
| 1993
| Brainfuck
|
| P′′
|-
| 1993
| LiveCode Transcript
|
| HyperTalk
|-
| 1993
| AppleScript
| Apple Computer
| HyperTalk
|-
| 1993
| K
| Arthur Whitney
| APL, Lisp
|-
| 1993
| Lua
| Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio
| Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++
|-
| 1993
| R
| Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka
| S
|-
| 1993
| ZPL
| Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington
| C
|-
| 1993
| NewtonScript
| Walter Smith
| Self, Dylan
|-
| 1993
| Euphoria
| Robert Craig
| SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python
|-
| 1994
| Claire
| Yves Caseau
| Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C, LORE, LAURE
|-
| 1994
| ANSI Common Lisp
|
| Common Lisp
|-
| 1994
| RAPID
| ABB
| ARLA
|-
| 1994
| Pike
| Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University
| LPC, C, μLPC
|-
| 1994
| ANS Forth
| Elizabeth Rather, et al.
| Forth
|-
| 1995
| Ada 95
| S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics
| Ada 83
|-
| 1995
| Borland Delphi
| Anders Hejlsberg at Borland
| Borland Pascal
|-
| 1995
| ColdFusion (CFML)
| Allaire
|
|-
| 1995
| Java
| James Gosling at Sun Microsystems
| C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa
|-
| 1995
| LiveScript
| Brendan Eich at Netscape
| Self, C, Scheme
|-
| 1995
| Mercury
| Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne
| Prolog, Hope, Haskell
|-
| 1995
| PHP
| Rasmus Lerdorf
| Perl
|-
| 1995
| Ruby
| Yukihiro Matsumoto
| Smalltalk, Perl
|-
| 1995
| JavaScript
| Brendan Eich at Netscape
| LiveScript
|-
|1995
| Racket
| Matthew Flatt at Rice University
| Scheme, Lisp
|-
| 1996
| CSS
| Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos
| SGML
|-
| 1996
| Curl
| David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT
| Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML
|-
| 1996
| Lasso
| Blue World Communications
|
|-
| 1996
| NetRexx
| Mike Cowlishaw
| REXX
|-
| 1996
| OCaml
| INRIA
| Caml Light, Standard ML
|-
| 1996
| Perl Data Language (PDL)
| Karl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller
| APL, Perl
|-
| 1996
| Pure Data
| Miller Puckette
| Max
|-
| 1996
| VBScript
| Microsoft
| Visual Basic
|-
| 1997
| Component Pascal
| Oberon Microsystems
| Oberon-2
|-
| 1997
| E
| Mark S. Miller
| Joule, Original-E
|-
| 1997
| Pico
| Free University of Brussels
| Scheme
|-
| 1997
| Squeak
| Alan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer
| Smalltalk-80, Self
|-
| 1997
| ECMAScript
| ECMA TC39-TG1
| JavaScript
|-
| 1997
| F-Script
| Philippe Mougin
| Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C
|-
| 1997
| ISLISP
| ISO Standard ISLISP
| Common Lisp
|-
| 1997
| Tea
| Jorge Nunes
| Java, Scheme, Tcl
|-
| 1997
| REBOL
| Carl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies
| Self, Forth, Lisp, Logo
|-
| 1998
| Logtalk
| Paulo Moura (then at University of Coimbra)
| Prolog
|-
| 1998
| ActionScript
| Gary Grossman
| ECMAScript
|-
| 1998
| Standard C++
| ANSI/ISO Standard C++
| C++, Standard C, C
|-
| 1998
| PureBasic
| Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software
|
|-
| 1998
| UnrealScript
| Tim Sweeney at Epic Games
| C++, Java
|-
| 1998
| XSLT (+ XPath)
| W3C, James Clark
| DSSSL
|-
|1998
|Free Pascal + Lazarus
|Florian Paul Klämpfl, Michael van Canneyt, Lazarus and Free Pascal Team
|Object Pascal, Borland Turbo Pascal, Delphi.
|-
| 1998
| Xojo (REALbasic at the time)
| Xojo, Andrew Barry
| Visual Basic
|-
| 1999
| C99
| C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999
| C90
|-
| 1999
| Gambas
| Benoît Minisini
| Visual Basic, Java
|-
| 1999
| Game Maker Language (GML)
| Mark Overmars
| Game Maker
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
2000s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 2000
| Join Java
| G Stewart von Itzstein
| Java
|-
| 2000
| DarkBASIC
| The Game Creators
|
|-
| 2000
| C#
| Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA)
| C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2
|-
| 2001
| Joy
| Manfred von Thun
| FP, Forth
|-
| 2001
| AspectJ
| Gregor Kiczales, Xerox PARC
| Java, Common Lisp
|-
| 2001
| D
| Walter Bright, Digital Mars
| C, C++, C#, Java
|-
| 2001
| Processing
| Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry
| Java, C, C++
|-
| 2001
| Visual Basic .NET
| Microsoft
| Visual Basic
|-
| 2001
| GDScript (GDS)
| Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio)
| Godot
|-
| 2001
| Shakespeare Programming Language
| Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström
|
|-
| 2002
| Io
| Steve Dekorte
| Self, NewtonScript, Lua
|-
| 2002
| Gosu
| Guidewire Software
| GScript
|-
| 2002
| Scratch
| Mitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman
| Logo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E-Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak
|-
| 2003
| Nix
| Eelco Dolstra
| Miranda/SASL, Haskell
|-
| 2003
| Nemerle
| University of Wrocław
| C#, ML, MetaHaskell
|-
| 2003
| Factor
| Slava Pestov
| Joy, Forth, Lisp
|-
| 2003
| Scala
| Martin Odersky
| Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml
|-
| 2003
| COBOL 2002
| ISO/IEC 1989:2002
| COBOL 1985
|-
| 2003
| C++03
| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003
| C++, Standard C, C
|-
| 2003
| Squirrel
| Alberto Demichelis
| Lua
|-
| 2003
| Boo
| Rodrigo B. de Oliveira
| Python, C#
|-
| 2004
| Subtext
| Jonathan Edwards
|
|-
| 2004
| Alma-0
| Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica
|
|-
| 2004
| FreeBASIC
| Andre Victor
| QBasic
|-
| 2004
| Groovy
| James Strachan
| Java
|-
| 2004
| Little b
| Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems Biology
| Lisp
|-
| 2005
| Fantom
| Brian Frank, Andy Frank
| C#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang
|-
| 2005
| F#
| Don Syme, Microsoft Research
| OCaml, C#, Haskell
|-
| 2005
| Haxe
| Nicolas Cannasse
| ActionScript, OCaml, Java
|-
| 2005
| Oxygene
| RemObjects Software
| Object Pascal, C#
|-
| 2005
| Seed7
| Thomas Mertes
|
|-
| 2005
| fish
| Thomas Mertes
|
|-
|2005
|HolyC
|Terry A. Davis
|C, C++
|-
| 2006
| Cobra
| Chuck Esterbrook
| Python, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C
|-
| 2006
| Windows PowerShell
| Microsoft
| C#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQL
|-
| 2006
| OptimJ
| Ateji
| Java
|-
| 2006
| Fortress
| Guy L. Steele Jr.
| Scala, ML, Haskell
|-
| 2006
| Vala
| GNOME
| C#
|-
| 2007
| Ada 2005
| Ada Rapporteur Group
| Ada 95
|-
| 2007
| Agda
| Ulf Norell
| Rocq, Epigram, Haskell
|-
| 2007
| QB64
| Galleon, QB64Team
| QBasic
|-
| 2007
| Clojure
| Rich Hickey
| Lisp, ML, Haskell, Erlang
|-
| 2007
| LOLCODE
| Adam Lindsay
|
|-
| 2007
| Oberon-07
| Niklaus Wirth
| Oberon
|-
| 2007
| Swift (parallel scripting language)
| University of Chicago, Argonne National Laboratory
|
|-
| 2008
| Nim
| Andreas Rumpf
| Python, Lisp, Object Pascal
|-
| 2008
| Pure
| Albert Gräf
| Q
|-
| 2009
| Chapel
| Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc.
| HPF, ZPL
|-
| 2009
| Go
| C, Oberon, Limbo, Smalltalk
|-
| 2009
| CoffeeScript
| Jeremy Ashkenas
| JavaScript, Ruby, Python, Haskell
|-
| 2009
| Idris
| Edwin Brady
| Haskell, Agda, Rocq
|-
| 2009
| Parasail
| S. Tucker Taft, AdaCore
| Modula, Ada, Pascal, ML
|-
| 2009
| Whiley
| David J. Pearce
| Java, C, Python
|-
| 2009
| Dafny
| K. Rustan M. Leino
| Java, Spec#
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
2010s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 2010
| Rust
| Graydon Hoare, Mozilla
| Alef, C++, Camlp4, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo, Napier, Napier88, Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard ML
|-
| 2011
| C11
| C11 ISO/IEC 9899:2011
| C99
|-
| 2011
| Ceylon
| Gavin King, Red Hat
| Java
|-
| 2011
| Dart
| Java, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, Go
|-
| 2011
| C++11
| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011
| C++, Standard C, C
|-
| 2011
| Kotlin
| JetBrains
| Java, Scala, Groovy, C#, Gosu
|-
| 2011
| Red
| Nenad Rakočević
| Rebol, Scala, Lua
|-
| 2011
| Opa
| MLstate
| OCaml, Erlang, JavaScript
|-
| 2011
| F*
| Microsoft Research
| Dafny, F#, Lean, OCaml, Rocq, Standard ML
|-
| 2012
| Elixir
| José Valim
| Erlang, Ruby, Clojure
|-
| 2012
| Elm
| Evan Czaplicki
| Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F#
|-
| 2012
| TypeScript
| Anders Hejlsberg, Microsoft
| JavaScript, CoffeeScript
|-
| 2012
| Julia
| Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan Edelman,<!-- Leave out Alan? He is left out as "developer", but included as "designer" in Julia's infobox as Jeff's PhD advisor(?):--> MIT
| MATLAB, Lisp,<!--only the parser is implemented by Femtolisp, a Scheme implementation (see: "unsupported" "julia --lisp" that invokes it) the only influence from Lisp/Scheme are Lisp-like macros, redundant to list Scheme. Also Dylan was cut from the list despite its "multiple dispatch"--> C, Fortran, Mathematica (its Wolfram Language) (strictly its Wolfram Language), Python, Perl, R, Ruby, Lua
|-
| 2012
| P
| Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, Microsoft
|
|-
| 2012
| Ada 2012
| ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012)
| Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007
|-
| 2013
| P4
| P4 Language Consortium (P4.org)
|-
| 2013
| PureScript
| Phil Freeman
| Haskell
|-
| 2013
| Hopscotch
| Hopscotch Technologies
| Scratch
|-
| 2013
| Cuneiform
| Jörgen Brandt
| Swift (the parallel scripting language)
|-
| 2013
| Lean
| Microsoft Research
| ML, Rocq, Haskell, Agda
|-
| 2013
| Hy
| Paul Tagliamonte
| Python, Lisp, Clojure
|-
|2013
|React JS
|Jordan Walke
|
|-
| 2014
| Crystal
| Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions
| Ruby, C, Rust, Go, C#, Python
|-
| 2014
| Hack
| PHP
|-
| 2014
| Swift
| Apple Inc.
| Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU
|-
| 2014
| C++14
| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014
| C++11, Standard C, C
|-
| 2014
| Solidity
| Gavin Wood, Ethereum
| JavaScript, C++, Python
|-
| 2014
| COBOL 2014
| COBOL ISO/IEC 1989:2002
| COBOL
|-
| 2014
| Jai
| Jonathan Blow
| C, C++
|-
| 2015
| Raku
| Larry Wall, The Rakudo Team
| Perl, Haskell, Python, Ruby
|-
| 2015
| Pony
| Sylvan Clebsch
| E
|-
| 2016
| Zig
| Andrew Kelley
| C, C++, LLVM IR, Go, Rust
|-
| 2016
| Reason
| Jordan Walke
| JavaScript, OCaml
|-
| 2016
| Gleam
| Louis Pilfold, Fly.io
| Erlang, Elixir, Elm, Rust, Go, OCaml, JavaScript
|-
| 2017
| C++17
|
| C++14, Standard C, C
|-
| 2017
| AssemblyScript
| The AssemblyScript Project
| JavaScript, TypeScript, WebAssembly
|-
| 2017
| Ballerina
| WSO2, open source
| Java, JavaScript, Go, Rust, C#
|-
| 2017
| Q#
| Microsoft
| C#, F#, Python
|-
| 2018
| C17
| ISO/IEC 9899:2018
| C11
|-
| 2018
| Fortran 2018
| ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2150:2018
| Fortran 2008
|-
| 2019
| Bosque
| Mark Marron, Microsoft
| JavaScript, TypeScript, ML
|-
| 2019
| V (Vlang)
| Alexander Medvednikov
| C, Go, Kotlin, Oberon, Python, Rust, Swift
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
2020s
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|-
| 2020
| C++20
| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020
| C++17, Standard C, C
|-
| 2020
| ReScript
| Bloomberg L.P.
| Reason, JavaScript
|-
| 2021
| Microsoft Power Fx
| Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, Microsoft
| Excel formulas
|-
| 2021
| ArkTS
| Wang Chenglu, Huawei
| TypeScript, Swift, Objective-C, JavaScript, C#, F#, Java, ActionScript, AtScript, AssemblyScript
|-
| 2022
| Carbon (concept)
| C++, Rust, Swift, Zig, Kotlin, Haskell
|-
| 2023
| Mojo
| Modular
| Python, Rust, Cython, C, C++, CUDA, Swift, Zig
|-
| 2023
| Ada 2023
| ISO/IEC 8652:2023
| Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012
|-
| 2023
| COBOL 2023
| ISO/IEC 1989:2023
| COBOL 2014 / ISO/IEC 1989:2014
|-
| 2023
| Fortran 2023
| ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023
| Fortran 2018
|-
| 2024
| C++23
| C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024
| C++20, Standard C, C
|-
| 2024
| C23
| ISO/IEC 9899:2024
| C17
|-
| 2024
| Cangjie
| Xinyu Feng, Huawei
| ArkTS, TypeScript, JavaScript, Swift, C#, F#, Java, C++, Go, Python
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! Year
! Name
! Chief developer, company
! Predecessor(s)
|}
See also
- History of computing hardware
- History of programming languages
- Programming language
- Timeline of computing
- Timeline of programming language theory
References
External links
- Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages
- Diagram & history of programming languages
- Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history