Timeline of Philippine political history

This article presents a timeline of Philippine political history focused on governmental transitions of the Philippine archipelago, major polities, invasion attempts, and insurgency movements from the pre-Hispanic period to the present. The information presented here is highly summarized, and more complete information can be found in more detailed articles linked below.

{| class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="font-size:85%; margin:auto"

|+Major Polities and governmental transitions

!Date range

!Before 900 – April 27, 1565

!April 27, 1565 – December 10, 1898

!August 24, 1896 – May 10, 1897

!March 22, 1897 – November 1, 1897

!November 1, 1897 – December 14, 1897

!May 24, 1898 – June 23, 1898

!June 23, 1898 – January 23, 1899

!January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901

!August 14, 1898 – July 1, 1902

!May 6, 1902 – July 14, 1906

!July 4, 1901 – November 15, 1935

!November 15, 1935 – October 22, 1946

!October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945

!July 4, 1946 – December 30, 1965

!December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986

!February 2, 1987 –

!Sovereign entity

|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | None

|colspan=5 style="text-align: center; | Spain

|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | In transition

|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | United States

|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | Disputed

|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | Republic of the Philippines

!Governing body

|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; | None

|colspan=4 style="text-align: center; | Spanish East Indies

|colspan=2 style="text-align: center; | Disputed

|colspan=4 style="text-align: center; | Philippine Commission

|colspan=1 style="text-align: center; |

|colspan=3 style="text-align: center; | Republic of the Philippines

!Polities

| Pre-Colonial Philippines

| Spanish East Indies

| Spanish East Indies Republika ng Katagalugan aka Haring-Bayang Katagalugan

| Spanish East Indies Republica Filipina

aka

Republica de Filipina

aka

Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan

| Spanish East Indies Republica de Filipinas

| Spanish East Indies U.S. Colonial Government Gobierno Dictatorial de Filipinas

| U.S. Colonial Government Gobierno Revolucionario de Filipinas

| U.S. Colonial Government || U.S. Colonial Government

| Taft Commission

Republika ng Katagalugan

aka

Republika ng Kapuluang Katagalugan

| US Insular Government

| and Government in exile of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

| Third Republic of the Philippines

| Fourth Republic of the Philippines

| Fifth Republic of the Philippines

!colspan=16 style="text-align: center;" | Entries below this point reflect the viewpoint of the post-independence government of the Philippines regarding pre-independence history

! Constitutional Document

| Colonial authority of The Crown

| Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees

| Official decrees of Aguinaldo

| Provisional Constitution

| colspan="2"| Official decrees of Aguinaldo

| Malolos Constitution

| Katipunan constitution, laws and official decrees

| United States Constitution

Philippine Organic Act (1902)
Philippine Autonomy Act (1916)
Tydings–McDuffie Act

| 1935 Constitution

| 1943 Constitution

| 1935 Constitution

| 1973 Constitution

| 1987 Constitution

! Capital

| Manila

| Morong

| San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite

| San Miguel, Bulacan

| Bacoor, Cavite

| Malolos, Bulacan

| Morong

| colspan="3"| Manila

Manila (1942–1945)
Baguio (1945)

Manila (1946–1948)
Quezon City (1948–1965)

Quezon City (1965–1976)
Manila (1976–1986)

| Manila

! Form of Government

| Precolonial barangay

| Spanish Colony

| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic

| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary constitutional republic

| Unrecognized provisional dictatorship

| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic

| Unrecognized Unitary semi-presidential constitutional revolutionary republic

| Unrecognized provisional revolutionary republic

| Military occupational transitional government

| Unincorporated territories of the United States

| Presidential commonwealth

| |Single-party authoritarian Republic (recognized only by Axis)

| Unitary presidential Constitutional republic

| Unitary dominant-party pseudo-parliamentary republic under totalitarian civic-military rule

| Unitary presidential constitutional republic

! Head of State

| rowspan="2"| Datu, Rajah, Sultan

Queen Regent of Spain
King of Spain

| rowspan="2"| Supreme President/President of the Sovereign Nation

Andres Bonifacio

| rowspan="2"| President of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo (1897)

| rowspan="2"| President of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo (1897)

| rowspan="2"| Dictator

Emilio Aguinaldo

| President of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

| rowspan="2"| President of the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901)
Miguel Malvar (1901–1902)

| rowspan="2"| Supreme President

Macario Sakay

| US President

William McKinley (1898–1901)
Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1902)

| US President

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
William H. Taft (1909–1913)
Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1935)

| rowspan="2"| President of the Philippines

Manuel L. Quezon (1935–1944)
Sergio Osmeña (1944–1946)
Manuel Roxas (1946)

| President of the Philippines

Jose P. Laurel (1943–1945)

| rowspan="2"| President of the Philippines

Manuel Roxas (1946–1948)
Elpidio Quirino (1948–1953)
Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)
Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961)
Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)

| President of the Philippines

Ferdinand Marcos Sr. (1965–1986)
Corazon Aquino (1986)

| rowspan="2"| President of the Philippines

Corazon Aquino (1986–1992)
Fidel V. Ramos (1992–1998)
Joseph Estrada (1998–2001)
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010)
Benigno Aquino III (2010–2016)
Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022)
Bongbong Marcos (2022–)

! Head of Government

| Spanish Governor-General

| Prime Minister of the Philippines

Apolinario Mabini (1898–1899)

| US Military Governor- General

Wesley Merritt (1898)
Elwell S. Otis (1898–1900)
Arthur MacArthur Jr. (1900–1901)
Adna Chaffee (1901–1902)

| US Insular Governor- General

William H. Taft (1901–1904)
Francis B. Harrison (1913–1921)
Leonard Wood (1921–1927)
Frank Murphy (1933–1935)

| Japanese Military Governor

Shigenori Kuroda (1943–1944)
Tomoyuki Yamashita (1944–1945)

| Prime Minister of the Philippines

Ferdinand Marcos (1978–1981)
Cesar Virata (1981–1986)
Salvador Laurel (1986)

! Legislative

| Council of Elders

Consejo de Indias (1565–1821)
Cortes Generales (1821–1898)

| Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council)

| Consejo Supremo

| Revolutionary Congress

| Malolos Congress

Martial law (1898–1900)
Philippine Commission (1900–1902)

| Philippine Legislature

National Assembly (1935–1941)
Congress (1945–1946)

| National Assembly

| Congress of the Philippines

| Batasang Pambansa

Interim Assembly (1978–1984)
Regular Natioanal Assembly (1984–1986)

| Congress of the Philippines

! Judiciary

| Datu as Presiding Officer

Council of Elders as Jurors

| Real Audiencia

| Camara Reina (Secret Judicial Chamber)

| Supreme Council of Grace and Justice

| Court Martial

| Supreme Court

| US Supreme Court

| colspan="6"| Supreme Court of the Philippines

! Military

| Datu as Military Commander

Qualified members of the Barangay as soldiers

| Spanish Imperial Army; Guarda Civil

| Katipunan

| colspan="4"| Philippine Revolutionary Army

| Philippine Republican Army

| Katipunan

| United States Army

| United States Army; USA Philippine Division; Philippine Constabulary; Philippine Scouts

| Armed Forces of the Philippines; USA Philippine Division; Philippine Constabulary

| colspan="4"| Armed Forces of the Philippines

! Currency

| Piloncitos

Real de a Ocho
Peso Fuerte

| colspan="10"| Peso

| Japanese government-issued Philippine peso

| colspan="3"| Peso

! Official Language(s)

| Spanish

| Tagalog

| colspan="5"| Tagalog, Spanish

| Tagalog

| English, Tagalog

| English

| English, Spanish

| Japanese, Filipino, Spanish

| colspan="3" |English, Filipino

! State Religion

| None; Islam in sultanates

| Roman Catholicism

| colspan="14"| Separation of church and state

!Invasions and Insurgencies

The Cordillera region was unified after the long clan wars between the Clans and tribes of Ifugao and Kalinga warlords because of land resources. This unification established the culturally homogeneous society which led to the building of the Banaue Rice Terraces.
Sri Lumay conducted a Rebellion against the Maharajah of the Chola Dynasty and established the Rajahnate of Cebu.
In 1500, Bruneian Empire attacked Palawan, Kingdom of Ma-i (the island of Mindoro) and Kingdom of Tondo. Tondo was defeated in 1500 and Brunei deposed the Senapati Lakan Sukwu, establishing Kota Seludong and installing Rajah Sulayman as its puppet ruler.

|

In 1529, Spain claimed dominion over the Philippine archipelago on the basis of Magellan's discovery, a valid mode of acquisition at the time.

|March 22, 1897 – Emilio Aguinaldo is elected president of a government meant to replace the prior Katipunan insurgent government by attendees of the Tejeros Convention. He was sworn in the day after and fully assumed the office by April despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings.

|June 23, 1899 – Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one.

|January 22, 1899 – Promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as president.

Gen. Miguel Malvar, successor of Aguinaldo continued the fight until he surrendered in 1902. Clashes with Moro rebels continued in the south.

Several groups collectively known as Irreconcilables continued fighting the United States military, the Philippine Scouts, or the Philippine Constabulary. These included remnants of the Katipunan and other resistance groups.

In 1902, General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, revived Bonifacio's Republika ng Katagalugan (simplified to "Tagalog Republic" by Americans), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American occupation forces in the Philippines.

!Notes

| colspan="16" |

Notes

Bibliography

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(English translation by Sulpicio Guevara).
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. (Note: 1. The book cover incorrectly lists author as "Maximo M Lalaw", 2. Originally published in 1921 by The McCullough Printing Co., Manila.)
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This book was published by Ricarte himself, includes his memoirs on the Philippine Revolution.
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Timeline of Philippine political history

See also

Notes

Further reading

Bibliography