thumbnail|A bore in [[Morecambe Bay, in the United Kingdom|alt=]]

thumb|Video of the [[Arnside Bore, in the United Kingdom]]

thumb|upright=1.35|The tidal bore in Upper [[Cook Inlet, in Alaska]]

A tidal bore, often simply given as bore in context, is a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay, reversing the direction of the river or bay's current. It is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current.

== Description== <!-- Whelp (tidal bore) redirects here -->

Bores occur in relatively few locations worldwide, usually in areas with a large tidal range (typically more than between high and low tide) and where incoming tides are funneled into a shallow, narrowing river or lake via a broad bay. The funnel-like shape not only increases the tidal range, but it can also decrease the duration of the flood tide, down to a point where the flood appears as a sudden increase in the water level. A tidal bore takes place during the flood tide and never during the ebb tide.

thumb|right|upright=1.35|[[Undular bore and whelps near the mouth of Araguari River in northeastern Brazil. The view is oblique towards the mouth from airplane at approximately altitude.]]

A tidal bore may take on various forms, ranging from a single breaking wavefront with a somewhat like a hydraulic jump⁠to undular bores, comprising a smooth wavefront followed by a train of secondary waves known as whelps. Large bores can be particularly unsafe for shipping but also present opportunities for river surfing. A tidal bore creates a powerful roar that combines the sounds caused by the turbulence in the bore front and whelps, entrained air bubbles in the bore roller, sediment erosion beneath the bore front and of the banks, scouring of shoals and bars, and impacts on obstacles. The bore rumble is heard far away because its low frequencies can travel over long distances. The low-frequency sound is a characteristic feature of the advancing roller in which the air bubbles entrapped in the large-scale eddies are acoustically active and play the dominant role in the rumble-sound generation.

Etymology

The word bore derives through Old English from the Old Norse word bára, meaning "wave" or "swell."

Effects

Tidal bores can be dangerous. Certain rivers such as the Seine in France, the Petitcodiac River in Canada, and the Colorado River in Mexico to name a few, have had a sinister reputation in association with tidal bores. In China, despite warning signs erected along the banks of the Qiantang River, a number of fatalities occur each year by people who take too much risk with the bore. in Wales in the United Kingdom, the Garonne and Sélune in France, the Daly River in Australia, and the Qiantang River estuary in China. The force of the tidal bore flow often poses a challenge to scientific measurements, as evidenced by a number of field work incidents in the River Dee,

Asia

thumb|right|250px|The [[Qiantang River tidal bore overwhelming local infrastructure in 2024]]

  • Ganges–Brahmaputra, India and Bangladesh
  • Indus River, India and Pakistan
  • Sittaung River, Burma
  • Qiantang River, China, which has the world's largest bore,

Oceania

Australia

  • Styx River, Queensland
  • Daly River, Northern Territory

New Zealand

  • Wairoa River, Northland Region

Papua New Guinea

  • Fly River
  • Turama River

Europe

Ireland

  • River Shannon, up the Shannon Estuary to Limerick, Ireland: 21 September 2013

United Kingdom

thumb|The Trent Aegir seen from West Stockwith, [[Nottinghamshire, 20 September 2005]]

thumb|The Trent Aegir at [[Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, 20 September 2005]]

  • River Dee, Wales and England
  • River Mersey. The second highest tidal bore after the Severn bore, up to high. The bore tends to form around the Manchester Ship Canal.
  • The Severn bore on the River Severn, Wales and England, up to high
  • The Trent Aegir on the River Trent, England, up to high. Also other tributaries of the Humber Estuary.
  • River Parrett
  • River Welland
  • The Arnside Bore on the River Kent
  • River Great Ouse
  • River Ouse, Yorkshire. Like the Trent bore, this is also known as "the Aegir".
  • River Eden
  • River Esk
  • River Nene. This was also known as the Eagre.
  • River Nith
  • River Lune, Lancashire
  • River Ribble, Lancashire
  • River Yealm, Devon
  • River Leven, Cumbria

thumb|alt=A tidal bore wave moves along the River Ribble between the entrances to the Rivers Douglas and Preston.|Tidal bore on the [[River Ribble]]

Belgium

  • Durme, Flanders

France

The phenomenon is generally named un mascaret in French. but some other local names are preferred. The restoration of the bore has been sufficient that in July 2013, professional surfers rode a -high wave up the Petitcodiac River from Belliveau Village to Moncton to establish a new North American record for continuous surfing.

  • The Shubenacadie River in Nova Scotia. When the tidal bore approaches, completely drained riverbeds are filled. It has caused the deaths of several tourists who were in the riverbeds when the bore came in. Tour boat operators offer rafting excursions in the summer.
  • The bore is fastest and highest on some of the smaller rivers that connect to the bay including the River Hebert and Maccan River on the Cumberland Basin, the St. Croix and Kennetcook rivers in the Minas Basin, and the Salmon River in Truro.

Mexico

Historically, there was a tidal bore on the Gulf of California in Mexico at the mouth of the Colorado River. It formed in the estuary about Montague Island and propagated upstream. It was once very strong, but diversions of the river for irrigation have weakened the flow of the river to the point the tidal bore has nearly disappeared.

South America

Brazil

  • Amazon River in Brazil, up to high, running at up to . It is known locally as the pororoca.
  • Mearim River in Brazil
  • Araguari River in Brazil. Very strong in the past, it is considered lost since 2015, due to buffaloes farming, irrigation, and dam construction along the river, leading to substantial loss of water flow.

Venezuela

  • Orinoco River in Venezuela

Chile

  • Southern Channels, ex. Canal de Castro, Chiloé Island (fjord of Castro) in Chile

Lakes with tidal bores

Lakes with an ocean inlet can also exhibit tidal bores.

North America

  • Nitinat Lake on Vancouver Island has a sometimes dangerous tidal bore at Nitinat Narrows where the lake meets the Pacific Ocean. The lake is popular with windsurfers due to its consistent winds.

See also

  • 1812 New Madrid earthquake, a historic earthquake in the United States that caused the Mississippi River to flow backwards temporarily
  • Tidal race
  • Tsunami
  • Tonlé Sap, a lake and river system in Cambodia where monsoon flooding can cause the river to flow backwards temporarily, albeit not as a tidal bore

References

  • Information about The Severn bore, UK
  • Amateur video of the "Wiggenhall Wave" tidal bore
  • link to Proudman Inst. page
  • Mascaret, Aegir, Pororoca, Tidal Bore. Quid ? Où? Quand? Comment? Pourquoi ? in Journal La Houille Blanche, No. 3, pp.&nbsp;103–14
  • Turbulent Mixing beneath an Undular Bore Front in Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.&nbsp;999–1007
  • Tidal bore research (2017) The University of Queensland.