Thomas Nast - WikiHQ

thumb|Thomas Nast's birth certificate issued under the auspices of the King of Bavaria on September 26, 1840December 7, 1902) was a German-born American [[caricaturist and editorial cartoonist often considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon".

Nast was deeply involved in the political issues of the day, often as a member of the Republican party. He promoted the platform of the Radical Republicans against President Andrew Johnson and supported Republican presidential candidates Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, and Benjamin Harrison. Despite his attachment to the Republican party, Nast prominently and repeatedly criticized 1884 nominee James G. Blaine, informally joining the Mugwump faction of Republicans who supported Democrat Grover Cleveland's candidacy.

Nast was a sharp critic of "Boss" Tweed and the Tammany Hall Democratic Party political machine. He also focused his critical attention on the unreconstructed South as it fought measures to establish civil rights for black Southerners following the surrender of the Confederacy. Concerned with civil service reform and good governance, Nast made repeated mockery of political figures he felt were corrupt or otherwise deserving of scorn, including Senator Carl Schurz, Liberal Republican press magnate Horace Greeley, and Stalwart leader Roscoe Conkling.

In 1863, in the midst of the US Civil War, Nast published a picture of "Santa Claus" as a Union soldier holding a puppet of "Jeff" (Jefferson Davis) with a noose around its neck. This is generally recognized as the first depiction of the modern Santa Claus (based on the traditional German figures of Saint Nicholas and Weihnachtsmann). Nast has also been credited for being the first to depict the Republican Party using an elephant.

Contrary to popular belief, Nast did not create Uncle Sam (the male personification of the United States Federal Government), Columbia (the female personification of American values), or the Democratic donkey, although he did popularize those symbols through his artwork. Nast was associated with the magazine Harper's Weekly from 1859 to 1860 and from 1862 until 1886. Nast's influence was so widespread that Theodore Roosevelt once said, "Thomas Nast was our best teacher."

Early life and education

Nast was born in military barracks in Landau, Bavaria, Germany (now in Rhineland-Palatinate), as his father was a trombonist in the Bavarian 9th regiment band. Nast was the last child of Appolonia (née Abriss) and Joseph Thomas Nast. He had an older sister Andie; two other siblings had died before he was born. His father held political convictions that put him at odds with the Bavarian government, so in 1846, Joseph Nast left Landau, enlisting first on a French man-of-war and subsequently on an American ship. He sent his wife and children to New York City, where they arrived in June 1846, In 1856, he started working as a draftsman for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. His drawings appeared for the first time in Harper's Weekly on March 19, 1859, when he illustrated a report exposing police corruption; Nast was 18 years old at that point.

Career

thumb|Thomas Nast self-caricature

thumb|right|upright|Self-caricature of Thomas Nast

In February 1860, he went to England for the New York Illustrated News to depict one of the major sporting events of the era, the prize fight between the American John C. Heenan and the English Thomas Sayerssponsored by George Wilkes, publisher of Wilkes' Spirit of the Times. A few months later, as artist for The Illustrated London News, he joined Garibaldi in Italy. Nast's cartoons and articles about the Garibaldi military campaign to unify Italy captured the popular imagination in the U.S. In February 1861, he arrived back in New York. In September of that year, he married Sarah Edwards, whom he had met two years earlier.

He left the New York Illustrated News to work again, briefly, for Frank Leslie's Illustrated News. In 1862, he became a staff illustrator for Harper's Weekly. In his first years with Harper's, Nast became known especially for compositions that appealed to the sentiment of the viewer. An example is "Christmas Eve" (1862), in which a wreath frames a scene of a soldier's praying wife and sleeping children at home; a second wreath frames the soldier seated by a campfire, gazing longingly at small pictures of his loved ones. One of his most celebrated cartoons was Compromise with the South (1864), directed against those in the North who opposed the prosecution of the American Civil War. He was known for drawing battlefields in border and southern states. These attracted great attention, and Nast was referred to by President Abraham Lincoln as "our best recruiting sergeant".

After the war, Nast strongly opposed the anti-Reconstruction policy of President Andrew Johnson, whom he depicted in a series of trenchant cartoons that marked "Nast's great beginning in the field of caricature".

Style and themes

thumb|[[Carl Schurz|Schurz, Belmont, Fenton, Trumbull, Tipton, and others lie before a vengeful Columbia (representing the U.S.) while Uncle Sam (also representing the U.S.) waves his hat beside the victorious Ulysses S. Grant, 1872.]]

Nast's cartoons frequently had numerous sidebars and panels with intricate subplots to the main cartoon. A Sunday feature could provide hours of entertainment and highlight social causes. After 1870, Nast favored simpler compositions featuring a strong central image. Nast was baptized a Catholic at the Saint Maria Catholic Church in Landau, and for a time received Catholic education in New York City.

When Nast converted to Protestantism remains unclear, but his conversion was likely formalized upon his marriage in 1861. (The family were practicing Episcopalians at St. Peter's in Morristown.) Nast considered the Catholic Church to be a threat to American values. According to his biographer, Fiona Deans Halloran, Nast was "intensely opposed to the encroachment of Catholic ideas into public education". When Tammany Hall proposed a new tax to support parochial Catholic schools, he was outraged.

His 1871 cartoon The American River Ganges, depicts Catholic bishops, guided by Rome, as crocodiles moving in to attack American school children as Irish politicians prevent their escape. He portrayed public support for religious education as a threat to democratic government. The authoritarian papacy in Rome, ignorant Irish Americans, and corrupt politicians at Tammany Hall figured prominently in his work. Nast favored nonsectarian public education that mitigated differences of religion and ethnicity. However, in 1871 Nast and Harper's Weekly supported the Republican-dominated board of education in Long Island in requiring students to hear passages from the King James Bible, and his educational cartoons sought to raise anti-Catholic and anti-Irish fervor among Republicans and independents.

Nast expressed anti-Irish sentiment by depicting them as violent drunks. He used Irish people as a symbol of mob violence, machine politics, and the exploitation of immigrants by political bosses. Nast's emphasis on Irish violence may have originated in scenes he witnessed in his youth. Nast was physically small and had experienced bullying as a child. In the neighborhood in which he grew up, acts of violence by the Irish against black Americans were commonplace.

In 1863, he witnessed the New York City draft riots in which a mob composed mainly of Irish immigrants burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground. His experiences may explain his sympathy for black Americans and his "antipathy to what he perceived as the brutish, uncontrollable Irish thug". An 1876 Nast cartoon combined a caricature of Charles Francis Adams Sr with anti-Irish sentiment and anti-Fenianship.

In general, his political cartoons supported American Indians and Chinese Americans. He advocated the abolition of slavery, opposed racial segregation, and deplored the violence of the Ku Klux Klan. In one of his more famous cartoons, the phrase "Worse than Slavery" is printed on a coat of arms depicting a despondent black family holding their dead child; in the background is a lynching and a schoolhouse destroyed by arson. Two members of the Ku Klux Klan and White League, paramilitary insurgent groups in the Reconstruction-era South, shake hands in their mutually destructive work against black Americans.

File:Nast, Thomas (1867-03-23). Southern Justice . Harper's Weekly combined.jpg|March 23, 1867 Nast Cartoon Southern Justice depicting, in a multi-page spread, the killings of black and Northern civilians in the unreconstructed South and condemning Andrew Johnson's veto of a bill that would maintain military rule.

File:"This is a White Man's Government!" (September 1868), by Thomas Nast.jpg|September 1868 Nast cartoon "This is a White Man's Government!" Depicted left to right: a stereotyped Irishman (representing a Northern Democratic party member), an ex-Confederate soldier (Nathan B. Forrest, representing a Southern Democratic party member), and Democratic party chairman August Belmont "triumphing" over a prostrate USCT soldier

File:Worse than Slavery (1874), by Thomas Nast.jpg|October 24, 1874, titled "The Union as it was The lost cause, worse than slavery/"White League" shaking hands with Ku Klux Klan member over shield illustrated with African American couple with dead(?) baby. In background, man hanging from tree.

File:Is this a republican form of government? Is this protecting life, liberty, or property? Is this the equal protection of the laws? - Th. Nast. LCCN96509623.jpg|September 2, 1876 "Is this a republican form of government? Is this protecting life, liberty, or property? Is this the equal protection of the laws?"

File:He Wants a Change Too.jpg|October 28, 1876, He Wants a Change Too

File:In Self Defense.jpg|October 28, 1876, In Self Defense

File:Thomas Nast 1874.jpg|1874 cartoon showing Department of Justice could be used against the White League

File:Colored rule.jpg|"Colored Rule in a Reconstructed(?) State (The members call each other thieves, liars, rascals, and cowards)", Harper's Weekly, March 14, 1874.

File:Back-in-the-good-old-days-travel-was-more-dangerous-and-v0-rmqo86luwbwb1.webp|After a major train wreck in Revere, Massachusetts, Nast drew this cartoon of the "Our Constant Traveling Companion" aka Grim Reaper 16 September 1871 due to the frequent occurrence of fatal steamboat and railroad accidents

File:"Move on!" Has the Native American no rights that the naturalized American is bound to respect? - - Th. Nast. LCCN2001696066.tif|1871 Nast cartoon: "Move on! Has the Native American no rights that the naturalized American is bound to respect?" An ironic cartoon showing naturalized foreigners had the vote, while native born Native Americans had no vote, as they were not considered United States citizens, which was not remedied until 1924.

File:"Every Dog" (No Distinction of Color) "Has His Day", by Thomas Nast.jpg|alt=Political cartoon by Thomas Nast depicting a Chinese immigrant, American Indian, and African American, published in the periodical Harper's Weekly on February 8, 1879. The Chinese man and American Indian man stand together looking at a wall plastered with xenophobic headlines. To the left, an African American reclines in the background. The image is captioned as follows: "EVERY DOG" (NO DISTINCTION OF COLOR) "HAS HIS DAY" [line break] Red Gentleman to Yellow Gentleman. "Pale face 'fraid you crowd him out, as he did me."|1879 Nast cartoon: " 'Every dog' (no distinction of color) 'has his day' "

File:The Chinese Question by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, February 18, 1871, wood engraving on paper, from the National Portrait Gallery - NPG-AD-NPG 77 16.jpg|Political cartoon by Thomas Nast depicting a Chinese immigrant under attack by Southern Democrats (ex CSA) and Northern Democrats (Irish)

File:NastRepublicanElephant.jpg|Nast's cartoon "Third Term Panic". November 7, 1874 Inspired by the tale of The Ass in the Lion's Skin and a rumor of President Grant seeking a third term, the Democratic donkey (labeled "Caesarism") panics the other political animals, including a Republican Party elephant.

File:TheUsualIrishWayofDoingThings (cr).jpg|The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things 1871 stereotyped Irish cartoon

File:US cartoon 1876 - school children holding door against wolf of Catholicism.jpg|"Wolf at the Door, Gaunt and Hungry." Don't let him in. Thomas Nast cartoon against both Samuel Tilden and the Roman Catholic Church (i.e. If the Democrat Tilden was elected president the Public School system would be "Endangered" by the Roman Catholic Church.) Published in Harper's Weekly, September 16, 1876

File:Thomas NAst Cartoons.jpg| 1876 Political cartoons by Thomas Nast; at left depicting that a vote for Samual Tilden was a vote for both the corrupt Northern Democrats Tammany Hall and the unreconstructed Southern Democrats; at a right satiric cartoon showing Boston Branium Charles Frances Adams Sr as a Massachusetts Governor candidate of the Democratic Irish of Boston

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Despite Nast's championing of minorities, Morton Keller writes that later in his career "racist stereotypy of blacks began to appear: comparable to those of the Irish—though in contrast with the presumably more highly civilized Chinese."

During Nast's era, William Shakespeare's plays were an inherent part of the school curriculum. He introduced into American cartoons the practice of modernizing scenes from Shakespeare for a political purpose, referencing 23 of his 37 plays in more than 100 cartoons — sometimes with just a recognizable line or two, but generally with pictorial content.

File:Shakespeare's Voyage of Life.jpg|Nast referenced 23 of Shakespeare's 37 plays in more than 100 cartoons—sometimes with just a recognizable line or two, but generally with pictorial content.