Thomas Claiborne may refer to:
- Thomas Claiborne (1749–1812), Democrat; member of Virginia state legislature; U.S. representative from Virginia
- Thomas A. Claiborne (1770s–1818), physician and Tennessee state legislator
- Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856), Democrat; lawyer; member of Tennessee state house of representatives; U.S. representative from Tennessee
- Thomas Claiborne (1823–1911), 19th-century Tennessee lawyer