Thermal expansivities of the elements

Thermal expansion

{| class="wikitable"

! !! μm · m<sup>−1</sup> · K<sup>−1</sup>

! colspan="2" |  3 Li lithium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 46

| CRC || 46

| LNG || 46

| WEL || 46

! colspan="2" |  4 Be beryllium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 11.3

| CRC || 11.3

| LNG || 11.3

| WEL || 11.3

! colspan="2" |  5 B boron

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 5–7

| LNG || 5–7

| WEL || 6

! colspan="2" |  6 C carbon

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use ||

| WEL || 7.1

! colspan="2" |  11 Na sodium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 71

| CRC || 71

| LNG || 71

| WEL || 71

! colspan="2" |  12 Mg magnesium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 24.8

| CRC || 24.8

| LNG || 24.8

| WEL || 8.2

! colspan="2" |  13 Al aluminium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 23.1

| CRC || 23.1

| LNG || 23.1

| WEL || 23.1

! colspan="2" |  14 Si silicon

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 2.6

| WEL || 2.6

! colspan="2" |  19 K potassium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 83.3

| CRC || 83.3

! colspan="2" |  20 Ca calcium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 22.3

| CRC || 22.3

| LNG || 22.3

| WEL || 22.3

! colspan="2" |  21 Sc scandium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.2

| CRC || 10.2

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 7.6

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 15.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.2

| LNG || 10.2

| WEL || 10.2

! colspan="2" |  22 Ti titanium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 8.6

| CRC || 8.6

| LNG || 8.6

| WEL || 8.6

! colspan="2" |  23 V vanadium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 8.4

| CRC || 8.4

| LNG || 8.4

| WEL || 8.4

! colspan="2" |  24 Cr chromium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 4.9

| CRC || 4.9

| LNG || 4.9

| WEL || 4.9

! colspan="2" |  25 Mn manganese

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 21.7

| CRC || 21.7

| LNG || 21.7

| WEL || 21.7

! colspan="2" |  26 Fe iron

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 11.8

| CRC || 11.8

| LNG || 11.8

| WEL || 11.8

! colspan="2" |  27 Co cobalt

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 13.0

| CRC || 13.0

| LNG || 13.0

| WEL || 13.0

! colspan="2" |  28 Ni nickel

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 13.4

| CRC || 13.4

| LNG || 13.4

| WEL || 13.4

! colspan="2" |  29 Cu copper

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 16.5

| CRC || 16.5

| LNG || 16.5

| WEL || 16.5

! colspan="2" |  30 Zn zinc

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 30.2

| CRC || 30.2

| LNG || 30.2

| WEL || 30.2

! colspan="2" |  31 Ga gallium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use ||

| CRC || 18

| LNG || (>30 C) ( liquid) 120

| WEL || (>30 C) (liquid) 120

! colspan="2" |  32 Ge germanium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 6.0

| LNG || 6.0

| WEL || 6

! colspan="2" |  34 Se selenium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (amorphous) 37

| LNG || (amorphous) 37

! colspan="2" |  38 Sr strontium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 22.5

| CRC || 22.5

| LNG || 22.5

| WEL || 22.5

! colspan="2" |  39 Y yttrium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.6

| CRC || 10.6

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 6.0

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 19.7

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.6

| LNG || 10.6

| WEL || 10.6

! colspan="2" |  40 Zr zirconium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 5.7

| CRC || 5.7

| LNG || 5.7

| WEL || 5.7

! colspan="2" |  41 Nb niobium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 7.3

| CRC || 7.3

| LNG || 7.3

| WEL || 7.3

! colspan="2" |  42 Mo molybdenum

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 4.8

| CRC || 4.8

| LNG || 4.8

| WEL || 4.8

! colspan="2" |  44 Ru ruthenium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 6.4

| CRC || 6.4

| LNG || 6.4

| WEL || 6.4

! colspan="2" |  45 Rh rhodium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 8.2

| CRC || 8.2

| LNG || 8.2

| WEL || 8.2

! colspan="2" |  46 Pd palladium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 11.8

| CRC || 11.8

| LNG || 11.8

| WEL || 11.8

! colspan="2" |  47 Ag silver

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 18.9

| CRC || 18.9

| LNG || 18.9

| WEL || 18.9

! colspan="2" |  48 Cd cadmium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 30.8

| CRC || 30.8

| LNG || 30.8

| WEL || 30.8

! colspan="2" |  49 In indium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 32.1

| CRC || 32.1

| LNG || 32.1

| WEL || 32.1

! colspan="2" |  50 Sn tin

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 22.0

| CRC || 22.0

| LNG || 22.0

| WEL || 22

! colspan="2" |  51 Sb antimony

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 11.0

| CRC || 11.0

| LNG || 11.0

| WEL || 11

! colspan="2" |  55 Cs caesium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 97

| CRC || 97

! colspan="2" |  56 Ba barium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 20.6

| CRC || 20.6

| LNG || 20.6

| WEL || 20.6

! colspan="2" |  57 La lanthanum

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.1

| CRC || 12.1

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 4.5

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 27.2

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.1

| LNG || 12.1

| WEL || 12.1

! colspan="2" |  58 Ce cerium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 6.3

| CRC || 6.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (gamma, amorphous) 6.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (gamma, polycrystalline) 6.3

| LNG || 6.3

| WEL || 6.3

! colspan="2" |  59 Pr praseodymium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 6.7

| CRC || 6.7

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 4.5

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 11.2

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 6.7

| LNG || 6.7

| WEL || 6.7

! colspan="2" |  60 Nd neodymium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.6

| CRC || 9.6

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 7.6

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 13.5

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.6

| LNG || 9.6

| WEL || 9.6

! colspan="2" |  61 Pm promethium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) est. 11

| CRC || est. 11

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) est. 9

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) est. 16

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) est. 11

| LNG || est. 11

| WEL || 11

! colspan="2" |  62 Sm samarium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.7

| CRC || 12.7

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 9.6

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 19.0

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 12.7

| LNG || 12.7

| WEL || 12.7

! colspan="2" |  63 Eu europium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 35.0

| CRC || 35.0

| CR2 || (room temperature) (amorphous) 35.0

| CR2 || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 35.0

| LNG || 35.0

| WEL || 35

! colspan="2" |  64 Gd gadolinium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (100 °C) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.4

| CRC || (100 °C) 9.4

| CR2 || (100 °C) (alpha, amorphous) 9.1

| CR2 || (100 °C) (alpha, crystalline) 10.0

| CR2 || (100 °C) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.4

| LNG || (100 °C) 9.4

| WEL || 9.4

! colspan="2" |  65 Tb terbium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.3

| CRC || 10.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 9.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 12.4

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 10.3

| LNG || 10.3

| WEL || 10.3

! colspan="2" |  66 Dy dysprosium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.9

| CRC || 9.9

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, amorphous) 7.1

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, crystalline) 15.6

| CR2 || (room temperature) (alpha, polycrystalline) 9.9

| LNG || 9.9

| WEL || 9.9

! colspan="2" |  67 Ho holmium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 11.2

| CRC || 11.2

| CR2 || (room temperature) (amorphous) 7.0

| CR2 || (room temperature) (crystalline) 19.5

| CR2 || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 11.2

| LNG || 11.2

| WEL || 11.2

! colspan="2" |  68 Er erbium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 12.2

| CRC || 12.2

| CR2 || (room temperature) (amorphous) 7.9

| CR2 || (room temperature) (crystalline) 20.9

| CR2 || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 12.2

| LNG || 12.2

| WEL || 12.2

! colspan="2" |  69 Tm thulium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 13.3

| CRC || 13.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (amorphous) 8.8

| CR2 || (room temperature) (crystalline) 22.2

| CR2 || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 13.3

| LNG || 13.3

| WEL || 13.3

! colspan="2" |  70 Yb ytterbium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 26.3

| CRC || 26.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (beta, amorphous) 26.3

| CR2 || (room temperature) (beta, polycrystalline) 26.3

| LNG || 26.3

| WEL || 26.3

! colspan="2" |  71 Lu lutetium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 9.9

| CRC || 9.9

| CR2 || (room temperature) (amorphous) 4.8

| CR2 || (room temperature) (crystalline) 20.0

| CR2 || (room temperature) (polycrystalline) 9.9

| LNG || 9.9

| WEL || 9.9

! colspan="2" |  72 Hf hafnium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 5.9

| CRC || 5.9

| LNG || 5.9

| WEL || 5.9

! colspan="2" |  73 Ta tantalum

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 6.3

| CRC || 6.3

| LNG || 6.3

| WEL || 6.3

! colspan="2" |  74 W tungsten

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 4.5

| CRC || 4.5

| LNG || 4.5

| WEL || 4.5

! colspan="2" |  75 Re rhenium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 6.2

| CRC || 6.2

| LNG || 6.2

| WEL || 6.2

! colspan="2" |  76 Os osmium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 5.1

| CRC || 5.1

| LNG || 5.1

| WEL || 5.1

! colspan="2" |  77 Ir iridium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 6.4

| CRC || 6.4

| LNG || 6.4

| WEL || 6.4

! colspan="2" |  78 Pt platinum

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 8.8

| CRC || 8.8

| LNG || 8.8

| WEL || 8.8

! colspan="2" |  79 Au gold

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 14.2

| CRC || 14.2

| LNG || 14.2

| WEL || 14.2

! colspan="2" |  80 Hg mercury

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 60.4

| CRC || 60.4

! colspan="2" |  81 Tl thallium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 29.9

| CRC || 29.9

| LNG || 29.9

| WEL || 29.9

! colspan="2" |  82 Pb lead

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 28.9

| CRC || 28.9

| LNG || 28.9

| WEL || 28.9

! colspan="2" |  83 Bi bismuth

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 13.4

| CRC || 13.4

| LNG || 13.4

| WEL || 13.4

! colspan="2" |  84 Po polonium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 23.5

| CRC || 23.5

! colspan="2" |  90 Th thorium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 11.0

| CRC || 11.0

| LNG || 11.1

| WEL || 11.0

! colspan="2" |  92 U uranium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 13.9

| CRC || 13.9

| LNG || 13.9

| WEL || 13.9

! colspan="2" |  94 Pu plutonium

|- style="font-weight:bold"

| use || 46.7

| CRC || 46.7

| LNG || 46.7

Notes

All values refer to 25 °C unless noted.

References

CRC

As quoted from this source in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 12, Properties of Solids; Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals

Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, IFI/Plenum, New York, 1975.

CR2

As quoted in an online version of:

David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals

which further refers to:

Beaudry, B. J. and Gschneidner, K.A. Jr., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A. Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 173.
McEwen, K.A., in Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of Rare Earths, Vol. 1, Gschneidner, K.A. Jr. and Eyring, L., Eds., North-Holland Physics, Amsterdam, 1978, 411.

LNG

As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements

Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, Plenum, New York, 1975.

WEL

As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:

D.R. Lide, (Ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants, Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
J.A. Dean (ed) in Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 14th edition, 1992.