The Malay Dilemma () is a 1970 book by Malaysian politician and writer Mahathir Mohamad, who went on to be the country's longest serving Prime Minister.
In it, Mahathir describes his interpretation of Malaysia's history in relation to its multi-ethnic society and racial tensions, and advocates for affirmative action policies for Malays. The book was originally banned in Malaysia; the ban was lifted 11 years after its first publication after Mahathir became prime minister. Commentators have since noted its influence on Malaysian society and governance, particularly the New Economic Policy.
Background
At the time of publication, Mahathir had just lost his parliamentary seat, been expelled from the ruling party UMNO and Malaysia had recently been rocked by the racial riots later known as the 13 May Incident. and calling Jews "hook-nosed". Mahathir proposes in the book that affirmative action policies be a solution leading away from violence towards a harmonious, integrated Malaysia, albeit one where political and economic power is firmly concentrated in the hands of the Malays.
Initial ban in Malaysia
The book was banned in Malaysia upon its release, but was published in Singapore. Despite this, it was circulated widely. After Mahathir became prime minister in 1981, the 11-year ban was lifted after a proposal from Mahathir's deputy Musa Hitam.
Reception
In the preface of the book's first edition, its British publisher casts doubt on the accuracy of Mahathir's assumptions and assertions. Mohammad Bakri Musa, in The Malay Dilemma Revisited (1999) states that his assertions and assumptions were based on his personal observations and experiences, with no empirical data to support them.
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