thumb|right|upright=1.8|Extent of temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

thumb|right|An example of temperate broadleaf and mixed forest in [[La Mauricie National Park, Quebec.]]

Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions,

Ecology

The typical structure of these forests includes four layers.

  • The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade-tolerant understory that is roughly shorter than the canopy.
  • The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy.
  • Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants.
  • Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.

Trees

In the Northern Hemisphere, characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks (Quercus spp.), beeches (Fagus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), or birches (Betula spp.). and more rarely, Csb, BSk and Csa.

Ecoregions

Australasia

Eurasia

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"

|-

! colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" | Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

|-

| Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests

| Bhutan, India, Nepal

|-

| Northern Triangle temperate forests

| Myanmar

|-

| Western Himalayan broadleaf forests

| India, Nepal, Pakistan

|-

|}

{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; margin: 0 auto;"

|-

! colspan="2" style="background:lightgreen;" | Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests

|-

| Apennine deciduous montane forests

| Italy

|-

| Atlantic mixed forests

| Denmark, France, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands

|-

| Azores temperate mixed forests

| Portugal

|-

| Balkan mixed forests

| Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkey

|-

| Baltic mixed forests

| Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland

|-

| Cantabrian mixed forests

| Spain, Portugal

|-

| Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests

| Iran, Azerbaijan

|-

| Caucasus mixed forests

| Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, Turkey, Iran

|-

| Celtic broadleaf forests

| United Kingdom, Ireland

|-

| Central Anatolian deciduous forests

| Turkey

|-

| Central China loess plateau mixed forests

| China

|-

| Central European mixed forests

| Austria, Germany, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Belarus, Czech Republic, Ukraine

|-

| Central Korean deciduous forests

| North Korea, South Korea

|-

| Changbai Mountains mixed forests

| China, North Korea

|-

| Changjiang Plain evergreen forests

| China

|-

| Crimean Submediterranean forest complex

| Russia, Ukraine

|-

| Daba Mountains evergreen forests

| China

|-

| Dinaric Mountains mixed forests

| Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, Montenegro, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia

|-

| East European forest steppe

| Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Ukraine

|-

| Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests

| Turkey

|-

| English Lowlands beech forests

| United Kingdom

|-

| Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests

| Bulgaria, Georgia, Turkey

|-

| Hokkaido deciduous forests

| Japan

|-

| Huang He Plain mixed forests

| China

|-

| Madeira evergreen forests

| Portugal

|-

| Manchurian mixed forests

| China, North Korea, Russia, South Korea

|-

| Nihonkai evergreen forests

| Japan

|-

| Nihonkai montane deciduous forests

| Japan

|-

| North Atlantic moist mixed forests

| Ireland, United Kingdom

|-

| Northeast China Plain deciduous forests

| China

|-

| Pannonian mixed forests

| Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Croatia

|-

| Po Basin mixed forests

| Italy

|-

| Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests

| France, Spain, Andorra

|-

| Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests

| China

|-

| Rodope montane mixed forests

| Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia

|-

| Sarmatic mixed forests

| Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus

|-

| Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests

| China

|-

| South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests

| Russia

|-

| Southern Korea evergreen forests

| South Korea

|-

| Taiheiyo evergreen forests

| Japan

|-

| Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests

| Japan

|-

| Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe

| China

|-

| Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests

| Russia

|-

| West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests

| Russia

|-

| Western European broadleaf forests

| Switzerland, Austria, France, Germany, Czech Republic

|-

| Zagros Mountains forest steppe

| Iran, Iraq, Turkey

|}

Americas

See also

  • Mixed coniferous forest
  • Kuchler plant association system
  • Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
  • Temperate deciduous forest
  • Trees of the world

References

  • World Wildlife Fund−WWF Biomes: Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome
  • Temperate forest
  • Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: Index of North American Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests ecoregions
  • Terraformers Canadian Forest Conservation Foundation

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