Tamna () was a kingdom based on Jeju Island from ancient times until it was absorbed by the Korean Joseon dynasty in 1404, following a long period of being a tributary state or autonomous administrative region of various Korean kingdoms.
The Go (Jeju) clan is the family name of the Lord (), that ruled West Tamna over 400 years. The Moon (Nampyeong) clan is the family name of the Prince (), that ruled East Tamna for 400 years.
Name
The Kingdom of Tamna is also sometimes known as Tangna (탕나), Seomna (섬나), and Tammora (탐모라). It's attested with the older 漱牟羅 /tammura/, which has been proposed to mean something like 'valley settlement' with the second component being possibly related to the Japonic homophone mura. <!--百濟:
《北史》曰: 百濟之國者, 其先蓋馬韓之屬也, 出自夫餘王東明�之後有仇臺, 篤於仁信, 始立國于帶方故地.漢遼東太守公孫度以女妻之, 遂為東夷強國.初以百家濟, 因號「百濟」.其國東極新羅, 北接高句麗, 西、南俱限大海, 東西四百五十里, 南北九百里.其都曰居拔城, 亦曰固麻城.其外更有五方: 中方曰古沙城, 東方曰得安城, 南方曰久知下城, 西方曰刀先城, 北方曰熊津城.
又曰: 百濟國王姓夫餘氏, 號於羅瑕, 百姓呼為鞬吉支, 夏言并王也.王妻號於陸, 夏言妃也.官有十六品, 左平五人, 一品達率, 三十人, 二品恩率, 三品德率, 四品桿率, 五品奔率, 六品已上冠飾銀華將德, 七品紫帶施德, 八品皂帶固德, 九品赤帶季德, 十品青帶對德, 十一品文督, 十二品皆黃帝武督, 十三品左軍, 十四品振武, 十五品卷虞, 十六品皆白帶.自恩率以下, 官無常員, 各有部分.其人飲食衣服, 與高麗略同.若朝拜、祭祀, 其冠兩箱加翅, 戎事則不拜.拜謁之禮, 以兩手據地為禮.婦人不加粉黛, 女辮發垂后, 已出嫁則分為兩道, 盤於頭上.衣似袍而袖微大.兵有弓箭刀槊, 俗重騎射, 兼愛墳史.有鼓、角、箜篌、箏、竽、篪、笛之樂, 投壺、樗蒲、弄珠、握槊等戲, 尤尚奕棋.行宋元嘉歷, 以建寅月為歲首.賦稅以布絹絲麻及米等, 量歲豐儉, 差等輸之.其刑罰, 反叛退軍及殺人者斬; 盜者流, 其贓兩倍征之; 婦犯奸, 沒入夫家為婢.婚娶之禮, 略同華俗.父母及夫死者, 三年居服, 餘親則葬訖除之.土田下濕, 氣候溫暖, 人皆山居.有巨粟.其五谷雜果菜蔬及酒醴肴饌之屬, 多同內地, 維無駝騾羊鵝鴨.
又曰: 百濟國中, 大姓有八族: 沙氏、燕人、劦音協.氏、真氏、解氏、骨氏、木氏、苩氏.其俗每以四仲月祭天及五帝之神, 立其始祖仇臺之廟於國城, 歲四祠之.
又曰: 隋開皇初, 百濟王餘昌遣使貢方物, 拜上開府帶方郡公百濟王.平陳之歲, 戰船漂至海東耽牟羅國.其船得還, 經于百濟, 昌資送甚厚, 并遣使奉表賀陳平, 文帝善之.八年, 昌復使長史王辯那來獻方物, 屬興遼東之役, 奉表請為軍導.高麗頗知其事, 兵侵其境.大業七年, 帝親征高麗, 其王餘璋使國智牟來請軍期, 帝遣尚書起居郎席律詣彼與相知.明年, 六軍度遼, 餘璋亦嚴兵於境, 聲言助軍, 實持兩端.尋與新羅有隙, 每相戰爭.十年, 復遣使朝貢.后天下亂, 使命遂絕.-->
History
Legends of founding
thumb|The red area signifies where the was supposed to have been
There is no discovered historical record of the founding or early history of Tamna. One legend tells that the three divine founders of the country—Go (고), Yang (양), and Bu (부)—emerged from three holes in the ground in the 24th century BCE. These holes, known as the Samseonghyeol (삼성혈), are still preserved in Jeju City.
According to legend, after Yang Eul-na (양을나/良乙那) came to Jeju Island, a box washed up on the shore of the island. Yang Eul-na searched in the box and found three women, horses, cows, and agricultural seeds such as rice, corn, grain, millet, barley, and bamboo. From these beginnings, the three men established the kingdom of Tamna. He is regarded as the legendary ancestor of Yang Tang, the founder of the Jeju Yang bon-gwan.
Historical and archaeological records
thumb|Tamna Ginyun, a history book written over 934 years, from the [[Goryeo Dynasty to the Joseon Dynasty]]
Archaeological evidence indicates that the people of Tamna were engaging in active trade with Han dynasty of China, Yayoi period of Japan, as well as Samhan period of Korea by the 1st century CE. The first historical reference to the kingdom may come in the 3rd century CE, in the chronicle of the Chinese Three Kingdoms period called the Sanguozhi. The Sanguozhi reports a strange people living on a large island near Korea, which it calls Juho (州胡, Late Han Chinese tɕu-ga, literally "island barbarians"). These people, who had a distinctive language and culture, engaged in trade with the Mahan people of the mainland. However, the identity of Juho with Tamna has been disputed by authorities such as the North Korean scholar Lee Ch'i-rin (이지린), who claims that Juho was a small island in the Yellow Sea.
In 476, according to the Samguk Sagi, Tamna entered into a tributary relationship with Baekje, which controlled the southwestern Korean peninsula as Tamna gave military aide with some sort of money, and enjoyed strong ties with Japan. It was thus a natural partner for Tamna. As Baekje waned, Tamna turned to Silla instead. At some point near the end of the Three Kingdoms period, Tamna officially subjugated itself to Silla. Silla then conferred on the three princes of Tamna the titles which they would hold for the remainder of the kingdom's history: Seongju (성주, 星主), Wangja (왕자, 王子), and Donae (도내, 都內). Some sources indicate that this took place during the reign of King Munmu of Silla in the late 7th century CE.[https://archive.today/20120530175342/http://100.naver.com/100.php?id=43332]
Tamna briefly reclaimed its independence after the fall of Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. However, the kingdom maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejong of Joseon placed it under firm central control and brought the Tamna kingdom to an end. One interesting event that took place during these later years of Tamna was the Sambyeolcho Rebellion, which came to a bloody end on Jeju Island in 1274.
Alexander Vovin (2013) notes that the old name for Jeju Island is tammura, which can be analyzed in Japanese as tani mura たにむら ( 'valley settlement') or tami mura たみむら ( 'people's settlement'). Thus, Vovin concludes that Japonic speakers were present on Jeju Island before being replaced by Koreanic speakers sometime before the 15th century.
Rulers
Kings of Tamna
The Go clan is the family name of the kings that ruled Tamna, and the first king was one of the three who emerged from the ground. His descendants became the future kings of Tamna.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|#
!colspan="2"|Name
!rowspan="2"|Period of reign
|-
!Romanization
!Hangul/Hanja
|-
|1
|Go Eulna
|고을나왕 (高乙那王)
|2337–2206 BCE
|-
|2
|Geon
|건왕 (建王)
|2206–1767 BCE
|-
|3
|Samgye
|삼계왕 (三繼王)
|1767–1123 BCE
|-
|4
|Ilmang
|일망왕 (日望王)
|1123–935 BCE
|-
|5
|Doje
|도제왕 (島濟王)
|935–771 BCE
|-
|6
|Eon-gyeong
|언경왕 (彦卿王)
|771–619 BCE
|-
|7
|Bomyeong
|보명왕 (寶明王)
|610–520 BCE
|-
|8
|Haengcheon
|행천왕 (幸天王)
|520–426 BCE
|-
|9
|Hwan
|환왕 (歡王)
|426–315 BCE
|-
|10
|Sik
|식왕 (湜王)
|315–247 BCE
|-
|11
|Uk
|욱왕 (煜王)
|247–207 BCE
|-
|12
|Hwang
|황왕 (惶王)
|207–157 BCE
|-
|13
|Wi
|위왕 (偉王)
|157–105 BCE
|-
|14
|Yeong
|영왕 (榮王)
|105–58 BCE
|-
|15
|Hu
|후왕 (厚王)
|58–7 BCE
|-
|16
|Dumyeong
|두명왕 (斗明王)
|7 BCE–43 CE
|-
|17
|Seonju
|선주왕 (善主王)
|43–93
|-
|18
|Jinam
|지남왕 (知南王)
|93–144
|-
|19
|Seongbang
|성방왕 (聖邦王)
|144–195
|-
|20
|Munseong
|문성왕 (文星王)
|195–243
|-
|21
|Ik
|익왕 (翼王)
|243–293
|-
|22
|Jihyo
|지효왕 (之孝王)
|293–343
|-
|23
|Suk
|숙왕 (淑王)
|343–393
|-
|24
|Hyeonbang
|현방왕 (賢方王)
|393–423
|-
|25
|Gi
|기왕 (璣王)
|423–453
|-
|26
|Dam
|담왕 (聃王)
|453–483
|-
|27
|Jiun
|지운왕 (指雲王)
|483–508
|-
|28
|Seo
|서왕 (瑞王)
|508–533
|-
|29
|Damyeong
|다명왕 (多鳴王)
|533–558
|-
|30
|Dam
|담왕 (談王)
|558–583
|-
|31
|Cheseam
|체삼왕 (體參王)
|583–608
|-
|32
|Seongjin
|성진왕 (聲振王)
|608–633
|-
|33
|Hong
|홍왕 (鴻王)
|633–658
|-
|34
|Cheoryang
|처량왕 (處良王)
|658–683
|-
|35
|Won
|원왕 (遠王)
|683–708
|-
|36
|Pyoryun
|표륜왕 (表倫王)
|708–733
|-
|37
|Hyeong
|형왕 (逈王)
|733–758
|-
|38
|Chido
|치도왕 (致道王)
|758–783
|-
|39
|Uk
|욱왕 (勖王)
|783–808
|-
|40
|Cheonwon
|천원왕 (天元王)
|808–833
|-
|41
|Hogong
|호공왕 (好恭王)
|833–858
|-
|42
|So
|소왕 (昭王)
|858–883
|-
|43
|Gyeongjik
|경직왕 (敬直王)
|883–908
|-
|44
|Min
|민왕 (岷王)
|908–933
|-
|45
|Jagyeon
|자견왕 (自堅王)
|933–938
|}
Lords and governors of West Tamna
The Go (Jeju) clan is the family name of the Lord (Seongju, 성주, 星主), that ruled West Tamna.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Period of reign
|-
!Surname/First Name
!Position(Hangul/Hanja)
|-
|1
|Go/Malro(고말로)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|938–1024
|-
|2
|Go/Jumul(고주물)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|1024–1029
|-
|3
|Go/Ohno(고오노)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|1029–1063
|-
|4
|Go/Eil(고일)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|1063–1090
|-
|5
|Go/Bokryeong(고복령)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|1090–1101
|-
|6
|Go/Indan(고인단)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|?-?
|-
|7
|Go/Boksu(고복수)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|?-?
|-
|8
|Go/Silgae(고실개)
|Lord(성주/星主)
|?-?
|-
| colspan="4" |
West Tamna ruled by Go(Jeju) Clan for 400 years
|-
|?
|Go/Bongre(고봉례)
|Lord(성주/星主)
Governor of Left Jeju
(좌도지관/左都知管)
|?-1411
|-
|?
|Go/Sangon(고상온)
|Governor of Left Jeju
(좌도지관/左都知管)
|1411–1412
|-
|?
|Go/Chungun(고충언)
|Governor of Left Jeju
(좌도지관/左都知管)
|1412–1415
|-
|?
|Public official of Joseon Kingdom
|Governor of Left Jeju
(좌도지관/左都知管)
|1415–1445
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Based on Tamnaji(탐라지, 耽羅志), Goryeosa(고려사, 高麗史) and The Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty (조선왕조실록, 朝鮮王朝實錄)
Princes and governors of East Tamna
The Moon (Nampyeong) clan is the family name of the Prince (Wangja, 왕자, 王子), that ruled East Tamna.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Period of reign
|-
!Surname/First Name
!Position(Hangul/Hanja)
|-
|1
|?/Dura(?두라)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-1043
|-
|2
|?/Hoin(?호인)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|1043–1053
|-
|3
|?/Suwunna(?수운나)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|1053–1063
|-
|4
|Moon/Chak
(문착)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|5
|Moon/Yang-Vu
(문양부)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|-
|6
|Moon/Young-hee
(문영희)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|7
|Moon/Shin
(문신)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|8
|Moon/Chang-woo
(문창우)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|9
|Moon/Chang-yu
(문창유)
|Prince(왕자, 王子), Lord(성주, 星主,출처:연려실기술)
|?-?
|-
|10
|Moon/Gong-jae
(문공제)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|11
|Moon/Seung-seou
(문승서)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|12
|Moon/Shin-vou
(문신보)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|13
|Moon/Chung-vou
(문충보)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|14
|Moon/Chung-gul
(문충걸)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
|?-?
|-
|Last Prince
|Moon/Chung-sae
(문충세)
|Prince(왕자, 王子)
Governor of Right Jeju
(우도지관/右都知管)
|?-1404
1404–1415
|-
| colspan="4" |East Tamna ruled by Moon(Nampyeong) Clan for 400 years
|-
|?
|Public official of Joseon Kingdom
|Governor of Right Jeju
(우도지관/右都知管)
|1415–1445
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>Based on Tamnaji(탐라지, 耽羅志), Goryeosa(고려사, 高麗史) and The Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty (조선왕조실록, 朝鮮王朝實錄)
Language
The Tamna language might have been Japonic in origin, later being replaced by a Koreanic language. Alexander Vovin compares certain glosses of Jeju Japonic to words of other Japonic languages.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of Japonic and Jeju Japonic
!English
!Old Japanese
!Proto-Ryukyuan
!Proto-Japonic
!Jeju Japonic
|-
|mouth
|kuti ~ kutu-
|*kuti
|*kutuy
|kulle
|-
|deity
|kamï ~ kamu-
|*kami
|*kamuy
|kam-
|-
|people
|tami
| --
|*tamV
|tam-
|-
|village
|mura
|*mura
|*mura
| -mura
|}
See also
- History of Korea
- Three Kingdoms of Korea
References
Bibliography
External links
- Naver Encyclopedia article (in Korean)
- Jeju Government's History and Culture of Tamna site (in English)