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| area_code_type = Area code

| blank_name = FIPS code

| blank_info = 53-70000

| blank1_name = GNIS feature ID

| blank1_info = 2412025

| website =

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Tacoma ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Pierce County, Washington, United States. A port city, it is situated along the Puget Sound roughly from Seattle and Olympia, and northwest of Mount Rainier National Park. Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third-most populous city in the state with a population of 219,346 at the 2020 census. Tacoma is the economic and cultural center of the South Sound region, which has a population of about 1 million.

Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier, called in the Puget Sound Salish dialect, and "Takhoma" in an anglicized version. It is locally known as the "City of Destiny" because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century. The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma's neighboring deep-water harbor, Commencement Bay. By connecting the bay with the railroad, Tacoma's motto became "When rails meet sails". Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma, a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington's largest port. The city gained notoriety in 1940 for the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, which earned the nickname "Galloping Gertie" due to the vertical movement of the deck during windy conditions.

Like most industrial cities, Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization and divestment. Since the 1990s, downtown Tacoma has experienced a period of revitalization. Developments in the downtown include the University of Washington Tacoma; the T Line (formerly Tacoma Link), the first modern electric light rail service in the state; the state's highest density of art and history museums; and a restored urban waterfront, the Thea Foss Waterway.

History

Early history

thumb|The Commencement Bay Land and Improvement Co. played a major role in the city's early growth.

The area was inhabited for thousands of years by Native Americans, most recently the Puyallup people, who lived in settlements on the delta. In 1852, Swedish immigrant Nicolas Delin built a water-powered sawmill on a creek near the head of Commencement Bay, but the small settlement that grew around it was abandoned during the Indian War of 1855–56. In 1864, pioneer and postmaster Job Carr, a Civil War veteran and land speculator, built a cabin (which also served as Tacoma's first post office; a replica was built in 2000 near the original site in "Old Town"). Carr hoped to profit from the selection of Commencement Bay as the terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad, and sold most of his claim to developer Morton M. McCarver (1807–1875), who named his project Tacoma City, derived from the indigenous name for the mountain.

Tacoma was incorporated on November 12, 1875, following its selection in 1873 as the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad due to lobbying by McCarver, future mayor John Wilson Sprague, and others. However, the railroad built its depot in New Tacoma, two miles (3 km) south of the Carr–McCarver development. The two communities grew together and joined, merging on January 7, 1884. The transcontinental link was effected in 1887, and the population grew from 1,098 in 1880 to 36,006 in 1890. Rudyard Kipling visited Tacoma in 1889 and said it was "literally staggering under a boom of the boomiest".

thumb|Sidewheel steamer Alaskan at the Northern Pacific Dock

In November 1885, white citizens led by then-mayor Jacob Weisbach expelled several hundred Chinese residents peacefully living in the city. As described by the account prepared by the Chinese Reconciliation Project Foundation, on the morning of November 3, "several hundred men, led by the mayor and other city officials, evicted the Chinese from their homes, corralled them at 7th Street and Pacific Avenue, marched them to the railway station at Lakeview and forced them aboard the morning train to Portland, Oregon. The next day two Chinese settlements were burned to the ground."

George Francis Train was a resident for a few years in the late 19th century. In 1890, he staged a global circumnavigation starting and ending in Tacoma to promote the city. A plaque in downtown Tacoma marks the start and finish line. The discovery of gold in the Klondike in 1898 led to Tacoma's prominence in the region being eclipsed by the development of Seattle. A major tragedy marred the end of the 19th century, when a streetcar accident resulted in significant loss of life on July 4, 1900.

Early 20th century

thumb|Odd Fellows Parade at C Street and 9th Street, 1893

From May to August 1907, the city was the site of a smelter workers' strike organized by Local 545 of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), with the goal of a fifty-cent per day pay raise. The strike was strongly opposed by the local business community, and the smelter owners threatened to blacklist organizers and union officials. The IWW opposed this move by trying to persuade inbound workers to avoid Tacoma during the strike. By August, the strike had ended without meeting its demands. The production studio was also the first of its kind in the Pacific Northwest The first film produced in Tacoma was Hearts and Fists, which starred John Bowers and premiered at Tacoma's Rialto Theater. The studio's importance has undergone a revival with the discovery of one of its most famous lost films, Eyes of the Totem. In 1932, the studios burned to the ground in a mysterious fire, and the production facility was never rebuilt. Several films were destroyed in the fire as old nitrate-based film did not survive. During the 30-day power shortage in the winter of 1929 and 1930, the engines of the aircraft carrier provided Tacoma with electricity.

A power grid failure paired with a newly rewritten city constitution – put into place to keep political power away from a single entity such as the railroad – created a standstill in the ability to further the local economy. Local businesses were affected as the sudden stop of loans limited progression of expansion and renewal funds for maintenance, leading to foreclosures. Families across the city experienced the fallout of economic depression as breadwinners sought to provide for their families. Shanty-town politics began to develop as the destitute needed some form of leadership to keep the peace.

Hooverville

At the intersection of Dock Street EXD and East D Street in the train yard, a shanty town became the solution to the growing scar of the depression. Tacoma's Hooverville grew in 1924 as the homeless community settled on the waterfront. The population boomed in November 1930 through early 1931 as families from the neighboring McKinley and Hilltop areas were evicted.

Collecting scraps of metal and wood from local lumber stores and recycling centers, families began building shanties (shacks) for shelter. By 1934, alcoholism and suicide were a common event in the Hooverville while walking home from school. FBI agents from Portland handled the case, in which a ransom of $200,000 secured the release of the victim. Four persons were apprehended and convicted; the last to be released was paroled from McNeil Island in 1963. George Weyerhaeuser went on to become chairman of the board of the Weyerhaeuser Company.

In 1940, after eviction notices failed, the police department attempted to burn down Hooverville.

The first local referendums in the U.S. on computerized voting occurred in Tacoma in 1982 and 1987. On both occasions, voters rejected the computer voting systems that local officials sought to purchase. The campaigns, organized by Eleanora Ballasiotes, a conservative Republican, focused on the vulnerabilities of computers to fraud.

In 1998, Tacoma installed Click! Network, a high-speed fiber optic network throughout the community. The municipally owned power company, Tacoma Power, wired the city. In response, the State of Washington passed RCW 54.16.330 in 2000, effectively preventing further research and development of Click! Network until its repeal in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, a period of over 20 years.

Downtown revival

thumb|View of Mount Rainier and the Port of Tacoma from [[Browns Point]]

Beginning in the early 1990s, city residents and planners took steps to revitalize Tacoma, particularly its downtown. Among the projects were the federal courthouse in the former Union Station (1991); Save Our Station community group; Merritt+Pardini Architect (1991); Reed & Stem Architects (1911); the adaptation of a group of century-old brick warehouses into a branch campus of the University of Washington; the numerous privately financed renovation projects near the campus; the Washington State History Museum (1996), echoing the architecture of Union Station; the Museum of Glass (2002); the Tacoma Art Museum (2003); and the region's first light-rail line (2003). The glass and steel Greater Tacoma Convention Center opened in November 2004. America's Car Museum was completed in late 2011 near the Tacoma Dome.

The Pantages Theater (first opened in 1918) anchors downtown Tacoma's Theatre District. Tacoma Arts Live manages the Pantages, the Rialto Theater, and the Theatre on the Square. Tacoma Little Theatre (opened in 1918) is northwest of downtown in the Stadium District. Other attractions include the Grand Cinema, McMenamins Elks Temple, and the Landmark Temple Theatre.

Geography

Tacoma has an official elevation of , varying between sea level and about .

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of , of which is land and is water.

Tacoma straddles the neighboring Commencement Bay with several smaller cities surrounding it. Large areas of Tacoma have views of Mount Rainier. In the event of a major eruption of Mount Rainier, the low-lying areas of Tacoma near the Port of Tacoma are at risk from a lahar flowing down the Puyallup River.

The city is several miles north of Joint Base Lewis–McChord, formerly known separately as Fort Lewis and McChord Air Force Base.

Architecture

Tacoma is home to numerous architectural landmarks and was shaped by prominent architects such as Everett Phipps Babcock, Frederick Heath, Ambrose J. Russell, and Silas E. Nelsen. The city features two suspension bridges, the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, that connect Tacoma to Gig Harbor and the Kitsap Peninsula. The collapse of the original bridge in 1940 remains a well-known case study in engineering and design. Tacoma's historic preservation program oversees 165 city landmarks and more than 1,000 historic properties within five overlay zones. Several structures are listed on local, state, and national historic registers, including Engine House No. 9 (now a pub and microbrewery), Fireboat No. 1, and the William Ross Rust House.

Other notable sites include the Murray Morgan Bridge, a 1911 steel lift bridge across the Thea Foss Waterway, the National Realty Building, Lincoln High School, Rhodes House, Pythian Temple, Perkins Building, Tacoma Dome, and Rhodesleigh. The Luzon Building and Nihon Go Gakko school house have been demolished, and the MV Kalakala was scrapped in early 2015. University of Puget Sound, Cushman Dam No. 1, Cushman Dam No. 2, Rialto Theater, and Union Station are also noteworthy.

Neighborhoods

thumb|Houses on South J Street in the [[Hilltop, Tacoma, Washington|Hilltop neighborhood]]

thumb|The [[First Presbyterian Church (Tacoma, Washington)|First Presbyterian Church in the Stadium District]]

  • Central Tacoma
  • Hilltop (shared with Downtown)
  • Delong Park
  • The Wedge
  • McCarver (shared with New Tacoma/Downtown)
  • Bryant
  • College Heights
  • New Tacoma
  • Downtown Tacoma
  • St. Helens Neighborhood
  • Theater District
  • Central Business District
  • Warehouse/Brewery District
  • Thea Foss Waterway
  • The McCarver Neighborhood (shared with Central Tacoma/Hilltop)
  • Stadium District (shared with North Tacoma)
  • Dome District
  • Nalley Valley
  • Port of Tacoma
  • East Tacoma
  • McKinley Hill
  • Salishan
  • Hillsdale
  • Swan Creek
  • Strawberry Hill
  • North Tacoma
  • College Park
  • North Slope
  • Old Tacoma
  • Proctor District
  • Ruston (separately incorporated)
  • Ruston Way
  • Sixth Ave District Tacoma, Washington
  • Skyline
  • Stadium District (shared with Downtown)
  • Westgate (shared with West Tacoma)
  • Yakima Hill
  • Northeast Tacoma
  • Browns Point (unincorporated)
  • Crescent Heights
  • South End
  • Fern Hill
  • Lincoln International District
  • Wapato
  • Excelsior
  • Stewart Heights
  • Larchmont
  • South Tacoma
  • Edison
  • South Park
  • Manitou
  • Oakland/Madrona
  • Tacoma Mall
  • West Tacoma
  • Highlands
  • Narrows
  • Titlow
  • Salmon Beach
  • Westgate (shared with North Tacoma)

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Tacoma has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). The warmest months are July and August; the coldest month is December.

Demographics