Sweden competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union. 145 competitors, 122 men and 23 women, took part in 102 events in 18 sports.
Medalists
Gold
- Johan Harmenberg — Fencing, Men's Épée Individual
- Bengt Baron — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Backstroke
- Pär Arvidsson — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Butterfly
Silver
- Per Holmertz — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Freestyle
- Lars-Göran Carlsson — Shooting, men's Skeet Shooting
- Agneta Eriksson, Tina Gustafsson, Carina Ljungdahl and Agneta Mårtensson — Swimming, Women's 4x100 metres Freestyle Relay
Bronze
- Per Johansson — Swimming, Men's 100 metres Freestyle
- Sven Johansson — Shooting, Men's Small-bore Rifle, Three Positions
- Benni Ljungbeck — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman Bantamweight
- Lars-Erik Skiöld — Wrestling, Men's Greco-Roman Lightweight
- Göran Marström and Jörgen Ragnarsson — Sailing, Men's Tornado Team Competition
- George Horvath, Svante Rasmuson and Lennart Pettersson — Modern Pentathlon, Men's Team Competition
Archery
Two of the three Swedish archers in 1980 had competed at both the 1972 and 1976 Olympics. Anna-Lisa Berglund and Rolf Svensson were both less successful than they had been in Montreal four years before.
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Women's Individual Competition:
- Anna-Lisa Berglund — 2283 points (→ 16th place)
<br>
Men's Individual Competition:
- Göran Bjerendal — 2408 points (→ 12th place)
- Rolf Svensson — 2357 points (→ 20th place)
Athletics
Men's Marathon
- Kjell-Erik Ståhl
:* Final — 2:17:44 (→ 19th place)
- Tommy Persson
:* Final — 2:21:11 (→ 30th place)
- Göran Hagberg
:* Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Men's 400 m Hurdles
- Christer Gullstrand
:* Heat — 50.95
:* Semifinals — did not start (→ did not advance)
Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
- Anders Carlson
:* Heat — 9:01.8 (→ did not advance)
Men's Pole Vault
- Miro Zalar
:* Qualification — 5.40 m
:* Final — 5.35 m (→ 10th place)
Men's Discus Throw
- Kenth Gardenkrans
:* Qualification — 62.58 m
:* Final — 60.24 m (→ 12th place)
Men's 20 km Walk
- Alf Brandt
:* Final — 1:34:44.0 (→ 13th place)
- Bo Gustafsson
:* Final — DSQ (→ no ranking)
Men's 50 km Walk
- Bengt Simonsen
:* Final — 3:57:08 (→ 4th place)
- Bo Gustafsson
:* Final — did not finish (→ no ranking)
Women's 100 metres
- Linda Haglund
:* Heat — 11.37
:* Quarterfinals — 11.31
:* Semifinals — 11.36
:* Final — 11.16 (→ 4th place)
Women's 100 m Hurdles
- Helena Pihl
:* Heat — 13.46
:* Semifinal — 13.68 (→ did not advance)
Women's High Jump
- Susanne Lorentzon
:* Qualification — 1.85 m (→ did not advance)
- Ann-Ewa Karlsson
:* Qualification — 1.80 m (→ did not advance)
Basketball
;Summary
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group stage
!colspan=5|Placement Round
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition<br />Score
!Opposition<br />Score
!Opposition<br />Score
!Rank
!Opposition<br />Score
!Opposition<br />Score
!Opposition<br />Score
!Opposition<br />Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|Sweden men's
|align=left|Men's tournament
|<br />L 77–92
|<br />L 59–71
|<br />L 55–64
|4
|<br />W 70–64
|<br />L 61–83
|<br />W 119–63
|<br />W 70–67
|10
|}
;Men's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group C)
:* Lost to Italy (77-92)
:* Lost to Cuba (59-71)
:* Lost to Australia (55-64)
- Semi Final Round (Group B)
:* Defeated Senegal (70-64)
:* Lost to Czechoslovakia (61-83)
:* Defeated India (119-63)
:* Defeated Poland (70-67) → 10th place
- Team Roster:
:* Peter Andersson
:* Thomas Nordgren
:* Peter Gunterberg
:* Göran Unger
:* Torbjörn Taxén
:* Joon-Olof Karlsson
:* Jan Enjebo
:* Bernt Malion
:* Roland Rahm
:* Sten Feldreich
:* Leif Yttergren
:* Åke Skyttevall
Boxing
Men's Featherweight (57 kg)
- Odd Bengtsson
- First Round — Bye
- Second Round — Lost to Adolfo Horta (Cuba) on points (0-5)
<br>
Men's Lightweight (60 kg)
- Kalervo Alanenpää
- First Round — Lost to Omari Golaya (Tanzania) on points (0-5)
<br>
Men's Light-Welterweight (63,5 kg)
- Shadrach Odhiambo
- First Round — Defeated Bogdan Gajda (Poland) on points (4-1)
- Second Round — Lost to Anthony Willis (Great Britain) on points (0-5)
<br>
Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
- Anders Eklund
- First Round — Bye
- Quarter Finals — Lost to István Lévai (Hungary) on points (1-4)
Canoeing
Cycling
Six cyclists represented Sweden in 1980.
;Individual road race
- Peter Jonsson
- Bernt Scheler
- Anders Adamson
- Mats Gustafsson
;Team time trial
- Anders Adamson
- Bengt Asplund
- Mats Gustafsson
- Håkan Karlsson
Diving
Fencing
Six fencers, five men and one woman, represented Sweden in 1980.
;Men's épée
- Johan Harmenberg
- Rolf Edling
- Hans Jacobson
;Men's team épée
- Johan Harmenberg, Rolf Edling, Leif Högström, Göran Malkar, Hans Jacobson
;Women's foil
- Kerstin Palm
Gymnastics
Judo
Wolfgang Biedron
Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Sweden in 1980. They won the bronze in the team event.
Men's Individual Competition:
- Svante Rasmuson — 5,373 pts → (4th place)
- Lennart Pettersson — 5,243 pts → (7th place)
- George Horvath — 5,229 pts → (9th place)
Men's Team Competition:
- Rasmuson, Pettersson, and Horvath — 15,845 pts → (Image:Med 3.png Bronze Medal)
Rowing
Sailing
Shooting
Swimming
Men's 100 m Freestyle
- Per Holmertz
:* Heats — 52.01
:* Semi-Finals — 51.19
:* Final — 50.91 (→ 16x16px Silver Medal)
- Per Johansson
:* Heats — 52.11
:* Semi-Finals — 51.42
:* Final — 51.29 (→ 16x16px Bronze Medal)
- Per Wikström
:* Heats — 52.29
:* Semi-Finals — 52.15 (→ did not advance)
Men's 200 m Freestyle
- Thomas Lejdström
:* Heats — 1:53.04
:* Final — 1:52.94 (→ 7th place)
- Per-Ola Quist
:* Heats — 1:55.38 (→ did not advance)
- Per Wikström
:* Heats — 1:53.59 (→ did not advance)
Men's 100 m Butterfly
- Pär Arvidsson
:* Final — 54.92 (→ 16x16px Gold Medal)
Men's 200 m Butterfly
- Pär Arvidsson
:* Final — 2:02.61 (→ 7th place)
Men's 100 m Backstroke
- Bengt Baron
:* Final — 56.53 (→ 16x16px Gold Medal)
Men's 200 m Backstroke
- Michael Söderlund
:* Final — 2:04.10 (→ 6th place)
Men's 200 m Breaststroke
- Peter Berggren
:* Final — 2:21.65 (→ 7th place)
Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
- Michael Söderlund, Per Wikström, Per-Alvar Magnusson, and Thomas Lejdström
:* Final — 7:30.10 (→ 4th place)
<br>
Women's 100 m Freestyle
- Agneta Eriksson
:* Final — 57.90 (→ 8th place)
Women's 100 m Butterfly
- Agneta Mårtensson
:* Final — 1:02.61 (→ 6th place)
Women's 200 m Butterfly
- Agneta Mårtensson
:* Final — 2:15.22 (→ 7th place)
Women's 100 m Breaststroke
- Eva-Marie Håkansson
:* Heats — 1:12.26
:* Final — 1:11.72 (→ 5th place)
Women's 400 m Individual Medley
- Ann-Sofi Roos
:* Heats — 4:57.13 (→ did not advance)
Women's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
- Carina Ljungdahl, Tina Gustafsson, Agneta Mårtensson, and Agneta Eriksson
:* Final — 7:30.10 (→ 16x16px Silver Medal)
Women's 4 × 100 m Medley Relay
- Annika Uvehall, Eva-Marie Håkansson, Agneta Mårtensson, and Tina Gustafsson
:* Final — 4:16.91 (→ 4th place)
Water polo
;Summary
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Preliminary round
!colspan=5|Final round
!rowspan=2|Rank
|-style=font-size:95%
!Opposition<br />Result
!Opposition<br />Result
!Opposition<br />Result
!Rank
!Opposition<br />Result
!Opposition<br />Result
!Opposition<br />Result
!Opposition<br />Result
!Opposition<br />Result
|-
|align=left|Sweden men
|align=left|Men's tournament
| Spain<br />L 3–7
| Italy<br />D 4–4
|<br />L 1–12
|4 QB
|<br />L 5–9
| Italy<br />L 3–8
|<br />L 3–8
| Australia<br />L 4–9
|<br />W 8–6
|11
|}
;Men's Team Competition
- Preliminary Round (Group B)
:* Lost to Spain (3-7)
:* Drew with Italy (4-4)
:* Lost to Soviet Union (1-12)
- Final Round (Group B)
:* Lost to Greece (5-9)
:* Lost to Italy (3-8)
:* Lost to Romania (3-8)
:* Lost to Australia (4-9)
:* Defeated Bulgaria (8-6) → 11th place
- Team Roster
:* Anders Flodqvist
:* Kenth Karlson
:* Hans Lundén
:* Tommy Danielson
:* Sören Carlsson
:* Christer Stenberg
:* Gunnar Johansson
:* Peter Carlström
:* Lars Skåål
:* Per Arne Andersson
:* Arne Claesson