Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus), also called olive-backed thrush, russet-backed thrush, and salmonberry bird is a medium-sized thrush. It is a member of genus Catharus and is typical of it in terms of its subdued coloration and beautiful, ascending flute-like voice. Swainson's thrush was named after William Swainson, an English ornithologist.

Etymology

The genus name Catharus comes from the Ancient Greek , "pure or clean" and refers to the plumage of the orange-billed nightingale-thrush C. aurantiirostris. The specific ustulatus is Latin for "burnt", from , "to burn".

Habitat

The breeding habitat of Swainson's thrush is coniferous woods with dense undergrowth across Canada, Alaska, and the northern United States; also, deciduous wooded areas on the Pacific coast of North America.

Range and distribution

These birds migrate to southern Mexico and as far south as Argentina. The coastal subspecies migrate down the Pacific coast of North America and winter from Mexico to Costa Rica, whereas the continental birds migrate eastwards within North America (a substantial detour) and then travel southwards via Florida to winter from Panama to Bolivia. Swainson's thrush is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. It has also occurred as a vagrant in northeast Asia.

Threats

This species may be displaced by the hermit thrush where their ranges overlap. Possibly, the latter species adapts more readily to human encroachment upon its habitat. At least in the winter quarters, Swainson's thrush tends to keep away from areas of human construction and other activity.

Description

This species is in length. The wingspan averages at and the wing chord is . The bill measures in length and the tarsus is long. This species' body mass can range from . This thrush has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of Catharus thrushes. Adults are brown on the upperparts. The underparts are white with brown on the flanks; the breast is lighter brown with darker spots. They have pink legs and a light brown eye ring. Birds in the east are more olive-brown on the upperparts; western birds are more reddish brown. This bird's song is a hurried series of flute-like tones spiralling upwards.

Diet

They forage on the forest floor, also in trees. Swainson's thrushes mainly eat insects, fruits and berries. They make a cup nest on a horizontal tree branch.

A study in the White Mountains of New Hampshire found that Swainson's thrushes eat different insects depending on their elevation, with detritivores, particularly woodlice and ghost spiders, making up more of their diet at higher elevations. These prey items are generally more abundant at higher elevations but are also more nutrient-poor.

Its song is said by local tribes to make salmonberries ripen, including the Saanich people who claim the bird says, "xwexwelexwelexwelexwesh!" meaning "ripen, ripen, ripen, ripen!" A similar belief appears among the Tlingit, Haida, Haisla, Oweekeno, Kwakwaka'wakw, Nuu-Chah-Nulth, Ditidaht, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, and the Straits Salish people.

Subspecies

Four subspecies are recognised, Cathartus ustulatus alame, C. u. swainsoni, C. u. ustulatus and C. u. oedicus. Subspecies Cathartus ustulatus alame and C. u. swainsoni summer east of the British Columbian Coast Mountains, the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, and C. u. ustulatus and C. u. oedicus summer west of these ranges. There is a small area of overlap in the Coast Mountains. Recent molecular systematics work confirms that these two pairs of subspecies form two genetically distinct clades, referred to as the continental and coastal clades, which diverged during the Late Pleistocene era, probably about 10,000 years ago as the last ice age came to its end and habitats shifted across North America.

The genetic differences between the subspecies, and the circuitous migratory route of the continental birds, strongly suggest that these species underwent a rapid range expansion following the end of the last ice age, with populations originally summering in the south-east of North America expanding their ranges northwards and westwards as the ice retreated. Details of the molecular genetic analysis support the hypothesis of rapid expansion of both coastal and continental populations. The current migratory routes of the continental birds, especially the western populations, are not optimal in ecological terms, and presumably represent an inherited, historical route pattern that has not yet adapted to the birds' modern population locations.

These results notwithstanding, analysis of mtDNA cytochrome b and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 as well as nuclear β-fibrinogen intron 7 sequence data shows that Swainson's thrush is the most ancient North American species of its genus; it is not closely related to other Catharus and the outward similarities with the other North American species are due to convergent evolution.

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File:Swainson’s Thrush.jpg|Swainson's thrush on South Padre Island, Texas

File: Swainson’s_Thrush_Tex.jpg |On South Padre Island, Texas

File:Catharus ustulatus Charlie Lake.jpg|A Swainson's thrush in British Columbia

File:20260519 swainsons thrush pleasant valley ws PD02426.jpg|Massachusetts

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Footnotes

References

  • Foster, Mercedes S. (2007): "The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico." Bird Conservation International 17(1): 45–61. <small></small>
  • Ruegg, K. C., & Smith, T.B. (2002). "Not as the crow flies: a historical explanation for circuitous migration in Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus)." Proc. R. Soc. B 269(1498) 1375–1381. <small></small>
  • Winker, Kevin & Pruett, Christin L. (2006): "Seasonal migration, speciation, and morphological convergence in the avian genus Catharus (Turdidae)." Auk 123(4): 1052–1068. [Article in English with Spanish abstract] DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1052:SMSAMC]2.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext]
  • Swainson's Thrush Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • Swainson's Thrush – Catharus ustulatus – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
  • Examples of Turdidae Thrush calls – naturesongs.com