thumb|1875 portrait of [[Franz Schubert, after an 1825 original]]

The String Quartet No. 15 in G major, D. 887, was the last quartet written by Franz Schubert in June 1826. It was posthumously published in 1851, as Op. 161. The work focuses on lyrical ideas and explores far-reaching major and minor modes, which was uncommon to this degree in his compositions. Schubert reinforced this with a range of dynamic contrast and use of texture and pizzicato. The structural form of the movements in this quartet are somewhat ambiguous due to Schubert's focus on lyricism rather than traditional harmonic structure.

Analysis

The four movements of the quartet are:

The length of performance of the quartet is about 50 minutes, if all repeats are observed. A notable performance by Ébène Quartet clocks at 55 minutes.

I. Allegro molto moderato

The first movement is based around a motive of chromatic descending fourths within alternating major and minor modes. The main lyrical theme of the movement which begins with a sixteenth note pickup to a dotted eighth note will be heard in many variations throughout the rest of the movements of the quartet.

This may include the use of a motive in triplets to connect the first and second main groups of this sonata form; the second group opens, exactly as happens in the later-written String Quintet and similar to the technique in some works by Beethoven — not in the dominant key but with a quiet theme in the mediant, B-flat, with rhythm not quite the same as that of the lyrical theme that slowed matters down early on (bar fourteen, again), and adding to the texture with pizzicato accompaniment. There is a triplet-dominated, agitated transition and the same theme is heard, now in D, with triplet accompaniments; the triplets, not the theme, continue to the end of the exposition, and descend gradually from D down to G major for the repeat, or for the second ending and the beginning of the development, where continuity means the continued rustling of quiet strings, building for a bit by exchanging with more energetic passages, then bringing in faster versions of the dotted rhythms of the main themes. The climax of the development leads to a particularly quiet recapitulation, much varied at its opening from what we had heard originally. In the coda the opening of the quartet, both its rhythm and its major/minor exchanges, get a further chance to play themselves out.

There is a remarkably innovative harmonic passage in the first movement. Between mm. 414 and 429 Schubert prolongs G major with an equal subdivision of the octave using major thirds. Passing seventh chords in the bass provide a smooth linear progression connecting these major thirds, the result of which is a whole tone descent in the bass-voice, in this case the cello. The following major third prolongations occur: G(mm. 414-416) E-flat (mm. 417-418) B(mm. 419-420) G(mm. 421-422) E-flat(423-426). In measure 426 Schubert enharmonically reinterprets this dominant-seventh structure, resolving it as a German augmented 6th, thus proceeding bVI-V-I in mm. 427-429.

II. Andante un poco moto

The dramatic slow movement contains much in the way of a march rhythm and sudden upward violin glissandos followed by drops to the lowest string, and again much use of tremolo. This movement utilizes dramatic variations of ideas between subsequent episodes. The first episode containing a harmonically static solo in the cello accompanied by pizzicato. It abruptly shifts to a fortissimo episode in m. 43 reinforced by way of unisons in rhythms and octaves. This dramatic return of the theme from the first idyllic one is unlike the resolution of the theme in the first movement.

Cultural legacy

In Woody Allen's 1989 comedy-drama Crimes and Misdemeanors, parts of the Allegro molto moderato (including the dotted rhythm of the opening) are used as a dramatic measure during several scenes that form central parts of the 'crimes' plot.

In Gramophone, Stephen Johnson referred to the work as Schubert's greatest string quartet, and speculated that it is heard less frequently than the composer's previous two quartets not because of lower quality but because it is less accessible.

Recordings

Schubert's String Quartet No. 15 in G major (D. 887) has been recorded by many quartets, including:

  • Alban Berg Quartet
  • Amadeus Quartet
  • Artemis Quartet
  • Auryn Quartett
  • Belcea Quartet
  • Brandis Quartet
  • Busch Quartet
  • Cherubini Quartet
  • Chilingirian Quartet
  • Cuarteto Casals
  • Doric String Quartet
  • Emerson String Quartet
  • Fitzwilliam Quartet (historically informed performance)
  • Guarneri Quartet
  • Hagen Quartet
  • Hugo Wolf Quartet
  • Hungarian Quartet
  • Juilliard String Quartet
  • Kodály Quartet
  • Kolisch Quartet
  • Kuss Quartet
  • Leipzig String Quartet
  • Mandelring Quartet
  • Melos Quartett Stuttgart
  • New Orford String Quartet
  • New Zealand String Quartet
  • Oslo String Quartet
  • Prazak Quartet
  • Quartetto Italiano
  • Quatour Terpsycordes (historically informed performance)
  • Skálholt String Quartet (historically informed performance)
  • Takács Quartet
  • Tetzlaff Quartet
  • Tokyo String Quartet
  • Végh Quartet
  • Verdi Quartett

References

  • Autograph manuscript
  • Performance of String Quartet No. 15 by Musicians from Ravinia's Steans Institute from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
  • Schubert's autograph of the G major quartet