Stanisław Maczek

Lieutenant General Stanisław Władysław Maczek (; 31 March 1892 – 11 December 1994) was a Polish tank commander of World War II, whose division was instrumental in the Allied liberation of France, closing the Falaise pocket, resulting in the destruction of 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions. A veteran of World War I, the Polish–Ukrainian and Polish–Soviet wars, Maczek was the commander of Poland's only major armoured formation during the September 1939 campaign, and later commanded a Polish armoured formation in France in 1940. He was the commander of the famous 1st Polish Armoured Division, and later of the I Polish Army Corps under Allied Command in 1942–45.

Family

Stanisław Władysław Maczek was born on 31 March 1892 in the Lwów suburb of Szczerzec (now Ukrainian: Shchyrets), then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia. His father was a lawyer, who after retiring opened chambers in Drohobycz. he was a cousin of the Slovenian Croatian (and Polish) politician Vladko Maček.

Education

After graduating from the grammar school at Drohobycz in 1910, he attended the philosophy faculty of Lwów University where he studied Polish philology (i.e. language and literature). Among his tutors were the renowned Polish philologists and Józef Kallenbach, defending Lesser Poland and Silesia. Equipped with only light tanks and tankettes and with only one artillery battery of just eight heavy cannons, the brigade went into battle on the first day of war. After the Battle of Jordanów, Maczek's unit faced the entire German XVIII Corps of Gen. Eugen Beyer and successfully shielded the southern flank of the Polish forces, along the Beskids. Supported by only a few battalions of Border Guards and National Defence troops, Maczek's motorized brigade faced two Panzer divisions However, Maczek's unit was much too weak to achieve success against German armoured divisions. Polish soldiers managed to cover only one retreating French infantry division by attacking German forces in Champaubert-Montgivroux. Later the brigade had to withdraw with the rest of the French troops and joined the French XXIII Corps. On 16 June the brigade attacked by night the town of Montbard over the Burgundy Canal. Maczek's soldiers achieved complete surprise and took many German prisoners.

However, by then the brigade was fighting alone, with the French units on both flanks either routed or in retreat. There were no French forces to take advantage of that victory and the decimated Polish unit found itself surrounded and without fuel. On 18 June, Maczek decided to destroy unusable equipment and withdraw on foot. Later that day he had to split the remnants of his brigade into small groups, so they could pass through the enemy lines. Many of Maczek's men, including the general himself, found their way through Vichy France, North Africa and Portugal to the United Kingdom, where a Polish armored unit was recreated, while others joined the Polish and French resistance organizations in France and Belgium. Maczek relocated to London.

Scotland

Initially, the British high command wanted to use the recreated Polish Army solely for defence of the Scottish coastline between Aberdeen and Edinburgh, and the veterans of the Polish tank formations who arrived to the UK were pressed into the Polish 2nd Rifle Brigade under General Rudolf Orlicz-Dreszer. However, immediately on Maczek's arrival the idea was abandoned and General Władysław Sikorski managed to persuade the British government to create instead a Polish armoured unit. After two years of training at the Blairgowrie training ground, in February 1942 General Maczek formed the 1st Polish Armoured Division. Initially serving in defence of the Scottish coast between Montrose and the Firth of Forth, the division was equipped by the British authorities with Churchill and M4 Sherman tanks in preparation for the Normandy landings.

To Germany

thumb|left|British Field Marshal [[Bernard Montgomery|Sir Bernard Montgomery in conversation with Major General Stanisław Maczek during his visit to the 1st Polish Armoured Division Headquarters in Breda, 25 November 1944.]]

Towards the end of July 1944 the Polish 1st Armoured Division was transferred to Normandy, where it was to prove its worth during the 1944 invasion of Normandy. Attached to the First Canadian Army, Maczek's men entered combat on 8 August, seeing service during Operation Totalize. The division twice suffered attacks of friendly fire from U.S. Army Air Force aircraft, yet achieved a brilliant victory against the Wehrmacht in the battles for Mont Ormel, Hill 262 and the town of Chambois. In this series of offensive and defensive operations, which came to be known as the Battle of Falaise, 14 German Wehrmacht and SS divisions were trapped in the huge Chambois pocket and destroyed. Maczek's division had the crucial role of closing the pocket to block the escape route of the German divisions.

thumb|right|Senior commanders of the First Canadian Army, May 1945. Seated from the left: Stanisław Maczek (Polish Army), [[Guy Simonds, Harry Crerar, Charles Foulkes, Bert Hoffmeister. Standing from the left:

Ralph Keefler, Bruce Matthews, Harry Foster, Robert Moncel (standing in for Chris Vokes, Stuart Rawlins (British Army).]]

After this decisive battle, Maczek's Division continued to spearhead the Allied drive across the battlefields of northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and finally Germany. During its progress it liberated Ypres, Oostnieuwkerke, Roeselare, Tielt, Ruislede and Ghent in Belgium. (Coincidentally, the Polish word maczek means "poppy" in English, the symbol of remembrance associated with the area around Ypres in the First World War.) Thanks to an outflanking manoeuvre, it proved possible to free Breda in the Netherlands after a hard fight but without incurring losses in the town's population. A petition on behalf of 40,000 inhabitants of Breda resulted in Maczek being made an honorary Dutch citizen after the war. The Division's finest hour came when its forces accepted the surrender of the German naval base of Wilhelmshaven, taking captive the entire garrison, together with some 200 vessels of Hitler's Kriegsmarine.

Maczek commanded the 1st Armoured Division until the end of European hostilities and was promoted to major-general. After the capitulation of Germany he went on to command the Polish I Corps and became commanding officer of all Polish forces in the United Kingdom until their demobilization in 1947.

Exile

thumb|upright|left|Maczek's grave, Polish cemetery, [[Breda (Netherlands)|Breda, Netherlands]]

After the war, Maczek was stripped of Polish citizenship by the Communist government of the Polish People's Republic, and thus had to remain in Britain. He left the army on 9 September 1948 but was denied a general's pension by the British government as he had not been a member of the British armed forces.

thumb|General Stanislaw Maczek, Bench outside Edinburgh Council Chambers.

Although living in the United Kingdom, General Stanisław Maczek had a strong connection to the Netherlands. Besides being a regional hero to the areas he liberated in World War II, he was awarded honorary citizenship of the city of Breda. Recently acquired archive documents show that the Polish general secretly received a yearly allowance from the Dutch government, for the rest of his life. He got his allowance, because Mayor Claudius Prinsen of Breda was worried in 1950, after receiving information that Maczek was in a 'difficult financial situation'. The Polish general was doing unskilled labor to make ends meet. He also had to take care of a chronically ill daughter who needed costly treatment.

The mayor of Breda informed the Dutch national government that a war hero was in financial need. He made an appeal to the government to help the man that liberated the Netherlands. The government decided quickly and awarded Maczek an indexed general's pension, which was paid for by the Ministry of Foreign affairs from a secret budget. The Dutch government did not want this to be made public, due to its sensitive nature. In the Cold War period, announcing that the Dutch were paying a non-communist Polish ex-general, would certainly strain diplomatic relations with the communist Polish government and the Soviet Union. Not to mention, it would confront the British government with a not so proud moment in their history. Uninformed about his improved financial situation, the Dutch public responded at once in 1965 when news came that his chronically ill daughter needed costly medical treatment in Spain. The Dutch population raised a substantial amount of money following a national radio broadcast for the Maczek family, helping out the general that liberated them. The Dutch Ministry of Defence did not meet this request, based upon the Algemene Militaire Pensioenwet (1966), which stipulates that non-Dutch persons needed to have been associated with the Dutch Armed Forces during the war period, in order to be entitled to a wartime pension.

In 1989, the last Polish Communist Government of Prime Minister Mieczysław Rakowski issued a public apology to the General, and in 1994 he was presented with Poland's highest state decoration, the Order of the White Eagle.

Lieutenant General Stanisław Maczek died on 11 December 1994, at the age of 102. According to his last wish, he was laid to rest among his soldiers at the Polish military cemetery in Breda, the Netherlands.

Honours and awards

60px Order of the White Eagle (1994)
60px Knight's Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari
60px Gold Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari
60px Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari
60px Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
60px Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
60px Cross of Valour
60px Gold Cross of Merit with Swords
60px Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown with Palms (Belgium)
60px Croix de Guerre with Palms (Belgium)
60px Commandeur of the Legion of Honour (France)
60px Croix de Guerre with Palms (France)
60px Médaille commémorative de la guerre 1939–1945 (France)
60px Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau (Netherlands)
60px Order of the Star of Romania IV Class (Romania)
60px Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom)
60px Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)

Gallery

File:Home of General Maczek, Arden Street, Edinburgh.jpg|General Maczek's home, 1948–94, Marchmont district of Edinburgh, Scotland

File:General Maczek Walk.jpg|General Maczek Walk, Bruntsfield Links, Edinburgh, Scotland

File:The Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum (24192401601).jpg|Emblem of Polish 1st Armoured Division, Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum, London

File:Monument 1st armoured polish division Normandy Dday.jpg|Polish 1st Armoured Division Memorial, Normandy, France

File:Monument WO II - Tielt.jpg|Polish 1st Armoured Division Memorial, Tielt, Belgium

File:Generaal Maczekstraat - België.jpg|Street named after General Maczek, Aalter-Brug, Belgium

File:P1030747Generaal Maczek Museum.JPG|General Maczek Museum, Breda, Netherlands

File:Maczek monument Karin Hardonk Stadskanaal.jpg|General Maczek Memorial by Karin Hardonk, General Maczek Square, Stadskanaal, Netherlands

File:Stanislaw maczek pomnik park jordana krakow.jpg|Bust of General Maczek, Kraków, Poland

File:Stanisław Maczek monument in Gdańsk.jpg|General Maczek Memorial, Gdańsk, Poland

File:2007-07-20 Kamień upamiętniający Stanisława Maczka w Warszawie.jpg|General Maczek Memorial, Warsaw, Poland

File:Tablica Maczek Gwiaździsta 35.JPG|General Maczek memorial plaque, Warsaw, Poland

File:First Polish Armoured Division memorial (18866754535).jpg|Polish 1st Armoured Division Memorial, Warsaw, Poland

File:Warszawa 8583.jpg|Maczek quotation on reverse of Memorial: "The Polish soldier fights for the freedom of all nations but dies only for Poland."

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In popular culture

Maczek, as the leader of the 10th Motorized Cavalry Brigade, is a historical figure in the novel A Witness to Gallantry: An American Spy in Poland 1939.

In The Death of the Fronsac by Neal Ascherson, a Polish officer, Maurycy Szczucki, serves with General Maczek in World War II. After the war, Szczucki returns to Edinburgh where he discovers the impoverished Maczek working as a barman in the Learmonth Hotel. The General is frequently visited by old comrades, who "salute him before they order a whisky."

Maczek is referred to in Alexander McCall Smith's short story, "In Sandy Bell's". The protagonist's landlady tells of the general working in a bar in Edinburgh. "He wasn't too proud. His men saluted him when they ordered a drink."

References

External links

OpusMedia.fr , Captain Kazimierz Duda – 1st Polish Armoured Division – C.K.M.
Montormel.evl.pl, History of 1st Polish Armoured Division
Montormel.evl.pl, 1st Polish Armoured Division in the battle of Falaise
New research on Maczeks post-war situation