The spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and until 1995 this bird and the eastern towhee were considered a single species, then named rufous-sided towhee.

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  • Spotted towhee species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
  • Spotted towhee – Pipilo maculatus – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

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Further reading

Book

  • Greenlaw, J. S. 1996. Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus). In The Birds of North America, No. 263 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C.

Thesis

  • Bagne KE. Ph.D. (2006). The effects of prescribed burning in the spring on avian communities in the Sierra Nevada of California. University of California, Riverside, United States, California.
  • Khanna H. Ph.D. (2000). Signal design: Songs of two sister species of birds, the Eastern Towhee and the Spotted Towhee. The Ohio State University, United States, Ohio.
  • Smith GT. Ph.D. (1996). Seasonal plasticity in the avian song control system. University of Washington, United States, Washington.

Articles

  • Ball RM, Jr. & Avise JC. (1992). "Mitochondrial DNA phylogeographic differentiation among avian populations and the evolutionary significance of subspecies". Auk. vol 109, no 3. pp. 626–636.
  • Berry ME & Bock CE. (1998). "Effects of habitat and landscape characteristics on avian breeding distributions in Colorado foothills shrub". The Southwestern Naturalist. vol 43, no 4. pp. 453–461.
  • Bulluck L, Fleishman E, Betrus C & Blair R. (2006). "Spatial and temporal variations in species occurrence rate affect the accuracy of occurrence models". Global Ecology & Biogeography. vol 15, no 1. pp. 27–38.
  • Chambers CL & McComb WC. (1997). "Effects of silvicultural treatments on wintering bird communities in the Oregon coast range". Northwest Science. vol 71, no 4. pp. 298–304.
  • Elekonich MM. (2000). "Female song sparrow, Melospiza melodia, response to simulated conspecific and heterospecific intrusion across three seasons". Animal Behaviour. vol 59, pp. 551–557.
  • Erickson WR. (2004). "Bird communities of the garry oak habitat in southwestern British Columbia". Canadian Field-Naturalist vol 118, no 3. pp. 376–385.
  • Gardali T, Holmes AL, Small SL, Nur N, Geupel GR & Golet GH. (2006). "Abundance patterns of landbirds in restored and remnant riparian forests on the Sacramento River, California, USA". Restoration Ecology. vol 14, no 3. pp. 391–403.
  • Gardali T & Nur N. (2006). "Site-specific survival of Black-Headed Grosbeaks and spotted towhees at four sites within the Sacramento Valley, California". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol 118, no 2. pp. 178–186.
  • Greenlaw JS & Engstrom RT. (2001). "First record of Spotted Towhee in Florida". Florida Field Naturalist. vol 29, no 1. pp. 26–28.
  • Odell EA & Knight RL. (2001). "Songbird and medium-sized mammal communities associated with exurban development in Pitkin County, Colorado". Conservation Biology. vol 15, no 4. pp. 1143–1150.
  • Patten MA & Bolger DT. (2003). "Variation in top-down control of avian reproductive success across a fragmentation gradient". Oikos. vol 101, no 3. pp. 479–488.
  • Silkey M, Nur N & Geupel GR. (1999). "The use of mist-net capture rates to monitor annual variation in abundance: A validation study". Condor. vol 101, no 2. pp. 288–298.
  • Small SL. (2005). "Mortality factors and predators of spotted Towhee nests in the Sacramento Valley, California". Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 76, no 3. pp. 252–258.
  • Sopuck L, Ovaska K & Whittington B. (2002). "Responses of songbirds to aerial spraying of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Foray 48B (R)) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada". Environ Toxicol Chem. vol 21, no 8. pp. 1664–1672.
  • Turley NJS & Holthuijzen AMA. (2005). "Impact of a catastrophic flooding event on riparian birds". Western North American Naturalist. vol 65, no 2. pp. 274–277.
  • Verner J, Breese D & Purcell KL. (2000). "Return rates of banded granivores in relation to band color and number of bands worn". Journal of Field Ornithology. vol 71, no 1. pp. 117–125.
  • Waldien DL, Cooley MM, Weikel J, Hayes JP, Maguire CC, Manning T & Maier TJ. (2004). "Incidental captures of birds in small-mammal traps: a cautionary note for interdisciplinary studies". Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 32, no 4. pp. 1260–1268.
  • Zink RM, Weller SJ & Blackwell RC. (1998). "Molecular phylogenetics of the avian genus Pipilo and a biogeographic argument for taxonomic uncertainty". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. vol 10, no 2. pp. 191–201.

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