Spanish missions in Texas

right|thumb|Spanish missions within the boundaries of what is now the [[U.S. state of Texas]]

The Spanish Missions in Texas comprise the many Catholic outposts established in New Spain by Dominican, Jesuit, and Franciscan orders to spread their doctrine among Native Americans and to give Spain a toehold in the frontier land. The missions introduced European livestock, fruits, vegetables, and industry into the Texas area. In addition to the presidio (fortified church) and pueblo (town), the misión was one of the three major agencies employed by the Spanish crown to extend its borders and consolidate its colonial territories.

Since 1493, Spain had maintained missions throughout New Spain (Mexico and portions of what today are the southwestern United States) to facilitate colonization. The eastern Tejas missions were a direct response to fear of French encroachment when the remains of La Salle's Fort Saint Louis were discovered near Matagorda Bay in 1689, and a response to the first permanent French outposts along the Gulf Coast ten years later.

Following government policy, Franciscan missionaries sought to make life within mission communities closely resemble that of Spanish villages and Spanish culture. To become Spanish citizens and "productive" inhabitants, Native Americans learned vocational skills, such as plows, farm implements, and gear for horses, oxen, and mules fell into disrepair, blacksmithing skills soon became indispensable. Weaving skills were needed to help clothe the inhabitants. As buildings became more elaborate, mission occupants learned masonry and carpentry under the direction of craftsmen contracted by the missionaries.

In the closely supervised setting of the mission the Native Americans were expected to mature in Christianity and Spanish political and economic practices until they would no longer require special mission status. Then their communities could be incorporated as such into ordinary colonial society. This transition from official mission status to ordinary Spanish society, when it occurred in an official manner, was called "secularization." In this official transaction, the mission's communal properties were privatized, the direction of civil life became a purely secular affair, and the direction of church life was transferred from the missionary religious orders to the Catholic diocesan church. Although colonial law specified no precise time for this transition to take effect, increasing pressure for the secularization of most missions developed in the last decades of the 18th century.

This mission system was developed in response to the often very detrimental results of leaving the Hispanic control of relations with Native Americans on the expanding frontier to overly enterprising civilians and soldiers. This had resulted too often in the abuse and even enslavement of the Indians and a heightening of antagonism.

A church called Santa María de las Caldas was built by the Franciscans in 1730, after the establishment of Texas's final mission, Nuestra Señora del Refugio. It was located in Socorro and remained active until its closure in 1749. It is not formally counted as a mission.

In the end, the mission system was not politically strong enough to protect the Native Americans against the growing power of ranchers and other business interests that sought control over mission lands and the manpower represented by the Native Americans. In the first few years of the new Republic of Mexico—between 1824 and 1830—all the missions still operating in Texas were officially secularized, with the sole exception of those in the El Paso district, which were turned over to diocesan pastors only in 1852.

Missions

{| class="wikitable"

!Name

!Image

!Location

!Established

!Notes

!References

|Corpus Christi de (San Antonio de) la Isleta/Ysleta (Sur)

|thumb

|31.69101, -106.32739

|1682

|The first mission in Texas. Flooding destroyed the mission in both 1742 and 1829. The present church was constructed in 1851 on higher ground.

In 1881, the Jesuits took control and renamed it Mission de Nuestra Señora del Monte Carmelo.

In 1980, the name was changed to Mission San Antonio de los Tiguas. The church is still in use today.

|Nuestra Señora de la Limpia Concepción de Los Piros/del Pueblo de/del Socorro (del Sur)

|thumb

|31.65933, -106.30347

|1682

|The present mission church at Socorro was built after the 1829 flood, around 1840.

|San Francisco de los Tejas

|Near Weches

|1690

|Abandoned in 1693 due to local resistance, disease, and resource challenges. It was re-established as the missions Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas, San Francisco de los In 1730 it was moved to the Colorado River near what is now Zilker Park with missions San Francisco de los Tejas and Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de los Hainai, and finally San Francisco de la Espada.

|Señor San José

|Near Presidio

|1715

|Driven out of the mission by natives in 1726. After this, the mission was only run occasionally.

|San Cristóbal

|Near Presidio

|1715

|Active until 1726. After this, the mission was only run occasionally. In operation until at least 1760 when Presidio del Norte de la Junta de Los Rios was founded.

|Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas

|Near the west bank of the Neches River

|July 3, 1716

|Abandoned in 1719. Re-established and moved in 1721 as San Francisco de los Neches.

|Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches

|Nacogdoches

|July 9, 1716

|Established by the Domingo Ramón-St. Denis expedition to serve the Nacogdoche tribe. It closed several years later because of threats from French Louisiana but reopened in 1721. The mission continued until 1773, when the Spanish government ordered all of East Texas to be abandoned.

In 1779, Antonio Gil Y'Barbo led a group of settlers who had been removed from Los Adaes to the area to settle in the empty mission buildings. This began the town of Nacogdoches, Texas.

|San José y San Miguel de Aguayo

|thumb

|29.36238, -98.47985

|February 23, 1720

|Shortly after its founding, Mission San Antonio de Valero became overcrowded with refugees from the closed East Texas missions, so this mission was established. Nicknamed the "Queen of the Missions", it served the Coahuiltecan.

A new church, which still stands, was constructed in 1768 from local limestone. Mission activities officially ended in 1824.

|San Francisco Xavier de Nájera/Naxara

|A little more than a league south of the Alamo, on the San Antonio River

|March 12, 1722

|The new mission endured until 1726, when it was merged with San Antonio de Valero. Its lands were regranted to the mission of Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña around 1731.

|Nuestra Señora del Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga (La Bahia)

|thumb

|28.65722, -97.38666

|1722

|Originally established in Matagorda Bay where it was referred to as La Bahia.

It moved in 1726 near Victoria and in 1748 to present-day Goliad.

|San Juan Capistrano

|thumb

|29.3325, -98.45542

|1731

|Was originally San José de los Nazonis.

It served Coahuiltecan natives. It was often raided by Apaches.

|San Francisco Xavier de Horcasitas

|30.69599, -97.11345 (historical marker at 30.69141, -97.11338)

|May 7, 1748

|The martyrdom of Father Gazibal caused the departure of the Indians and the friars. This mission was moved to the San Marcos River in 1755. Reestablished in 1762 on the San Saba River with the new name of Santa Cruz de San Saba.

|San Ildefonso

|30.68916, -97.08778

|February 25, 1749

|The martyrdom of Father Gazibal caused the departure of the Indians and the friars. This mission was moved to the San Marcos River in 1755.

Reestablished in 1762 on the Nueces River with the new name of San Lorenzo de la Santa Cruz (del Cañon)..

|Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria

|30.68791, -97.11943

|July 1749

|The martyrdom of Father Gazibal caused the departure of the Indians and the friars. This mission was moved to the San Marcos River in 1755.

Reestablished in 1762 on the Sabinal River with the new name of Nuestra Señora de la (Purísima Concepción) Candelaria del Cañon.

|November 1754

|The site was virtually abandoned by 1781, reopened in 1789, abandoned again in 1804, and formally closed in 1807.

The site can be visited only by appointment. There is a historical marker along the road adjacent to the site, however.

|Santa Cruz de San Sabá/San Sabá de la Santa Cruz

|thumb|The destruction of Mission Santa Cruz de San Sabá.

|30.91643, -99.73474

|April 17, 1757

|It was destroyed by 2,000 Comanche warriors and their allies in March 1758. Although the mission was gone, the neighboring Presidio San Luis de las Amarillas was still running until 1772.

Although the events at the mission were well documented, its location was lost for most of the 20th century.

Spanish missions in Texas

Missions

References

See also

Further reading

External links