Samuel "Sholem" Schwarzbard (; ; ; 18 August 1886 – 3 March 1938) was a Bessarabian-born Russian-French Yiddish poet. He served in the French and Soviet military, was a communist and anarchist, and is known for organising Jewish community defense against pogroms in the pre-First World War era and the Russian Civil War era in Ukraine, and for the assassination of Ukrainian nationalist leader Symon Petliura in 1926. He wrote poetry in Yiddish under the pen name of Baal-Khaloymes ().

Early life

Schwarzbard was born in 1886 in Izmail, Bessarabia Governorate, Russian Empire to the Jewish family of Itskhok Shvartsbard and Khaye Vaysberger. His real given name was Sholem. After the proclamation of an order by the Russian Imperial government for all Jews to move out from the region within of the border, his family moved to the town of Balta, in the southern Podolia region, where he grew up. His three older brothers died as children and his mother died whilst he was a child. In 1900, at an early age of 14 he became an apprentice to a watchmaker, Israel Dik.

During his apprenticeship in 1903, he became interested in socialism and began agitating for a revolutionary group called "Iskra", likely related to Lenin's journal of the same name. At the time of the first Russian Revolution in 1905, he was based in Kruti, north of Balta, where he was employed, in his own words, "fixing Cossack watches". A short time after participating in Jewish-run and -manned paramilitary activity while visiting his father in Balta, he was arrested and served a short stint in Proskurov and Balta prisons. He was released with the general amnesty granted as part of post-revolutionary tsarist "leniency". Fearing further arrests, Schwarzbard fled across the border into the Kingdom of Romania, and then to the Austria-Hungary, where he lived and worked in a number of cities and towns, including the capitals, Vienna and Budapest. There, he was converted to anarchism, especially the teachings of Peter Kropotkin, to which he would remain loyal the rest of his life.

France (1910–1917)

In January 1910, at age 23, Schwarzbard settled in Paris and found work with a series of watchmakers. Schwarzbard commanded a unit of 90 sabers in the brigade of Grigory Kotovsky. He then served in a Cheka battalion in Ukraine.

During the occupation and in the chaos that ensued after the Germans left, Schwarzbard lay low, survived a serious bout of typhus and worked securing facilities and supplies for the newly forming Soviet school system. He had himself tried to establish independent anarchist schools, but was willing to work with the Bolsheviks as they increasingly centralized the school system. Hearing news of countless pogroms, Schwarzbard tried to volunteer as a Red Guard soldier. After many delays, he was finally accepted into an "International Brigade" in June 1919 and began his second revolutionary campaign. The next two months were perhaps the worst of his life. His unit suffered defeat from the combined forces of Petliura and Denikin, who were uneasy allies at the time. Schwarzbard was in Kiev<!--See WP:KIEV--> when both the Ukrainian and White Armies entered the city, his unit having been wiped out and disbanded. It was in this period, July–August 1919 that Schwarzbard witnessed first-hand the ruins and human devastation left by pogrom violence—images that would haunt him for the rest of his life. He again managed to take a train back to Odessa, where he was betrayed by a fellow anarchist to the White forces in control of the city. Before they could catch him, he learned that as a former French soldier, he was entitled to a passage to France. In late December 1919 he boarded the Nicholas I and sailed to Marseille via Istanbul, Beirut and Port Said. He was back in Paris by 21 January 1920.

thumb|right|upright=1.2|Schwarzbard's family, most of whom were killed in [[pogroms during the Russian Civil War.]]

In the turmoil that transpired in the period of the Russian Civil War, fourteen members of his family perished in antisemitic pogroms, including his most beloved uncle, who was killed in Ananiv. The names of all fourteen were listed for his trial in 1926 and can be found in the YIVO Schwarzbard Archive.

Return to France (1920–1927)

In 1920, disillusioned with the outcome of the revolution, Schwarzbard moved back to Paris where he opened a clock-and-watch repair shop. There he was active in the French labor movement as an anarchist, and in 1925 became a French citizen. He was acquainted with prominent anarchist activists who had emigrated from Russia and Ukraine, including such figures as Volin, Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, as well as Nestor Makhno and his follower Peter Arshinov. In Paris Schwarzbard also became a member of the "Union of Ukrainian citizens". He contributed a number of articles to New York's anarchist daily Freie Arbeiter Stimme under the pseudonym "Sholem"—his first name, but also Yiddish for "peace", a fact he was quite proud of as an avid fan of Count Tolstoy.

Assassination of Petliura (1926)

thumb|right|Schwarzbard gives a speech in the court, October 1927. Below him, [[Henry Torrès|Henri Torres, his attorney.]]

Symon Petliura, who was head of the Directorate of the Ukrainian Democratic Republic in 1919, had moved to Paris in 1924 and was the head of the government-in-exile of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Schwarzbard, who had lost his family in the 1919 pogroms, held Petliura responsible for them (see the discussion on Petliura's role in the pogroms). According to his autobiography, after hearing the news that Petliura had relocated to Paris, Schwarzbard became distraught and started plotting Petliura's assassination. Schwarzbard recognized Petliura from a picture. In 2006, Russian intelligence specialists stated, in a series of volumes on the Soviet secret services, that Schwarzbard worked as an agent of the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) at the time of Petliura’s assassination, and speculated that he may have been carrying out orders for the regime which benefitted from Petliura's death.

On 25 May 1926, at 14:12, by the Gibert bookstore, he approached Petliura, who was walking on Rue Racine near Boulevard Saint-Michel of the Latin Quarter, Paris, and asked him in Ukrainian, "Are you Mr Petliura?" Petliura did not answer but raised his cane. Schwarzbard immediately pulled out a gun and shot him five times. After Petliura fell to the pavement, he shot him twice more. When the police came and asked if he had done the deed, he reportedly said, "I have killed a great assassin." Other sources state that he attempted to fire an eighth shot into Petliura, but his firearm jammed.

Schwarzbard trial (1927)

thumb|Memorial plate near Shalom Schwarzbard plate in Avihayil Cemetery

Schwarzbard was arrested and was put on trial by the Public Court Committee on 18 October 1927. His defense was led by Henry Torrès,

After a trial lasting eight days the jury acquitted Schwarzbard. They were rescued during World War II and smuggled from France by the historian Zosa Szajkowski.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

  • Symon Petliura, Yevhen Konovalets, Stepan Bandera - Three Leaders of Ukrainian Liberation Movement murdered by the Order of Moscow (audiobook).
  • "Petlura's Assassin in Hollywood" "Ukrainian Weekly" article from 6 October 1933