Shandong is a coastal province in East China which has played a major role in the development of the Chinese civilization and culture as it has served as a pivotal cultural and religious center for Taoism, Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism. Shandong's Mount Tai is the most revered mountain of Taoism and a site with one of the longest histories of continuous religious worship in the world. The Buddhist temples in the mountains south of the provincial capital of Jinan were once among the foremost Buddhist sites in China. The city of Qufu was the birthplace of Confucius, and later became the center of Confucianism.
Shandong's location at the intersection of ancient and modern north–south and east–west trading routes has helped establish it as an economic center. After a period of political instability and economic hardship beginning in the late 19th century, Shandong has experienced rapid growth in recent decades. Home to over 100 million inhabitants, Shandong is the world's sixth-most populous subnational entity, and China's second-most populous province. The economy of Shandong is China's third-largest provincial economy with a GDP of (US$1.3 trillion) in 2021, equivalent to the GDP of Mexico. If considered among sovereign states, Shandong would rank as the 15th-largest economy and the 15th-most populous . Its GDP per capita is slightly above the national average.
Shandong is one of China's leading provinces in education and research. It has 153 higher education institutions, ranking second in East China after Jiangsu and fourth among all Chinese first-level divisions after Jiangsu, Guangdong and Henan. , the Nature Index ranked two major cities in Shandong (Jinan #27 and Qingdao #31) in the global top 35 cities by scientific research output.
Etymology
The name Shandong (山东; 山東) literally translates to "east of the mountain," from and , the name first came into being in Jin Dynasty, when Shandong East and West Circuit were created. The name refers to the province's location to the east of the Taihang Mountains. Its counterpart is Shanxi, which literally means 'west of the mountains' and locates in the western side of Taihang Mountains.
A common nickname for Shandong is Qilu (), from two major states Qi and Lu that existed in this region during the Spring and Autumn period. Whereas Qi was a major political power, Lu played only a minor political role but became renowned as the home of Confucius, and its cultural influence came to eclipse that of Qi. The cultural legacy of Lu is reflected in the province's official abbreviation of .
The province's old spelling is Shantung, which can be seen in Shantungosuchus, Shantungosaurus and Shantung fabric.
History
Ancient history
thumb|Yachou bronze axe (亞醜鉞) was forged by a tribe of [[Dongyi people, which probably called Yachou; its exquisite workmanship and valuable inscripts made it China's first-class national artifact and now preserved in China National Museum|left]]
thumb|right|Remains of [[Ancient Linzi city sewer passing underneath the former city wall]]
With its location on the eastern edge of the North China Plain, Shandong was home to a succession of Neolithic cultures for millennia, including the Houli (), Beixin (), Dawenkou (), Longshan (), and Yueshi cultures ().
The Shang and Zhou dynasties exerted varying degrees of control over western Shandong, while eastern Shandong was inhabited by Dongyi peoples, who were considered barbarians by the inhabitants of the Central Plain. Following the annexation the Dongyi state of Lai by the state of Qi in 567 BC, the Dongyi gradually became sinicized.
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, power was accumulated by regional states; Shandong was home to the state of Qi based in Linzi, and the state of Lu based in Qufu. Lu is famous for being the home of Confucius; however, it was comparatively small, eventually being annexed by the neighboring state of Chu to its south. Meanwhile, Qi was a significant power throughout the entire period, and ruled cities including Jimo, Linzi, and Ju.
Imperial history
thumb|[[Four Gates Pagoda was the only intact Sui dynasty pagoda in China]]
The Qin dynasty conquered Qi and founded the first centralized Chinese state in 221 BC. The Han dynasty that followed created several commanderies supervised by two inspectorates () in what is now modern Shandong: () in the north and () in the south. During the Three Kingdoms period, Shandong was part of the northern kingdom of Cao Wei, which ruled over northern China.
After the Three Kingdoms period, a brief period of unity under the Western Jin dynasty gave way to invasions by nomadic barbarians from the north. Northern China, including Shandong, was overrun. Over the next century or so, Shandong changed hands several times, falling to the Later Zhao, then Former Yan, then Former Qin, then Later Yan, then Southern Yan, then the Liu Song dynasty, and finally the Northern Wei dynasty, the first of the Northern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period. Shandong stayed with the Northern dynasties for the rest of this period.
In 412 AD, the Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian landed at Laoshan, on the southern edge of the Shandong peninsula, and proceeded to Qingzhou to edit and translate the scriptures he had brought back from Pakistan and India.
The Sui dynasty reestablished unity in 589, and the Tang dynasty (618–907) presided over the next golden age of China. For the earlier part of this period, Shandong was ruled as part of Henan Circuit, one of the circuits (a political division). Later on, China splintered into warlord factions, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Shandong was part of the Five Dynasties, all based in the north.
The Song dynasty reunified China in the late tenth century. The classic novel Water Margin was based on folk tales of outlaw bands active in Shandong during the Song dynasty. In 1996, the discovery of over two hundred buried Buddhist statues at Qingzhou was hailed as a major archaeological find. The statues included early examples of painted figures and are thought to have been buried due to Emperor Huizong's repression of Buddhism (he favored Taoism).
The Song dynasty was forced to cede northern China to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1142. Shandong was administered by Jin as Shandong East Circuit and Shandong West Circuit – the first use of its current name.
Early modern era
thumb|[[Linqing City, with a view of the Grand Canal. Drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793.]]
The modern province of Shandong was created by the Ming dynasty, where it had a more expansive territory, including the eastern of Liaoning (Liaodong). In 1376, the capital of Shandong moved from Qingzhou to Jinan, and since then, Jinan served as the provincial capital for seven centuries.
After Emperor Yongle moved the capital to Beijing in 1421, the cities of Jining and Linqing along the Grand Canal flourished due to the development of canal grain transport. However, due to the Little Ice Age (approximately 1550–1770), crop yields declined and famine persisted year after year, and compounded by the harsh policies of the imperial court, peasant rebellions broke out continuously.
In 1633, Ming generals Kong Youde and Geng Zhongming led their troops from Dengzhou, Shandong to Liaodong to surrender to the Manchu Qing, later joining the Qing army's entry into China proper. By 1640, peasant uprisings led by the White Lotus Society in Shandong intensified. The Ming court dispatched Zhu Datian to suppress the revolt, causing Shandong's population to decline sharply once again.
The earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.5 and an epicenter just northeast of Linyi devastated Dengzhou and the prefecture, and killed foreigners and locals, between 43,000 and 50,000 people are claimed to lost their lives.
Late Qing era
thumb|Imperial German vice admiral [[Alfred Meyer-Waldeck and other colonial officers, together with Sun Baoqi, the Qing Governor of Shandong, in Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory, April 1910]]
After the defeat in the First Opium War, China became increasingly exposed to Western influence; as a coastal province, Shandong was significantly affected. After the Second Opium War, Qing court opened Cheefoo as trade port, and then western powers like established consulates, missionaries, Christian schools, and factories in there. Due to its strategic position, every power wanted to gain its position in the province; in the 1880s, Shandong became the logistics and training base of Beiyang Fleet, and Weihaiwei served as the headquarter of the fleet. However, Beiyang fleet was disastrous defeated by Imperial Japanese Navy in 1894, and Japanese began to penetrate into Shandong. Three years later, two German catholic missionaries were killed in Juye, Heze, causing the Juye Incident, and Qing government had to cede Qingdao to the German Empire. In 1898, Weihaiwei was also given to Britain, as the result of pressure from Russian Empire.
Moreover, due to the annexation of Outer Manchuria by Russia in 1860, the Qing government revoked the prohibition and encouraged settlement of Shandong people to what remained of Manchuria. A large number of people from Shandong migrated to Northeast China, Russian Far East, and Korea in search of better opportunities. Many settled in Northeast China (also known as Manchuria), contributing significantly to the region's demographic and agricultural development, engaging in farming, construction, and mining. Before the extermination and forced deportation by Soviets, there were roughly 200 thousand Chinese labors in Russian Far East, 95% of whom are from Shandong.
Shandong was one of the first places where the Boxer Rebellion broke out, and became one of the centers of the uprising. In 1899, Qing general Yuan Shikai was appointed governor of the province to suppress the uprising. He held the post for three years.
Germany took control of the peninsula in 1898, leasing Jiaozhou Bay and its port of Qingdao under threat of force. Development was a high priority for the Germans: over 200 million marks were invested in world-class harbor facilities including berths, heavy machinery, rail yards, and a floating dry dock. Private enterprises worked across the Shandong Province, opening mines, banks, factories, and rail lines.
As a consequence of the First World War, Japan seized German holdings in Qingdao and Shandong. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles transferred ownership to Japan instead of restoring Chinese sovereignty over the area. Popular dissatisfaction with this outcome, referred to as the Shandong Problem, led to the vehement student protests in the May Fourth Movement. Among the reservations to the Treaty that the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations approved was "to give Shantung to China", the treaty with reservations was not approved. Finally, Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after the United States' mediation during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.
ROC era
thumb|left|Industrial zone of the Luda Company (魯大公司) in [[Zichuan, Zibo|Zichuan in 1929. The central Shandong coal basin, endowed with substantial coal reserves, was first systematically exploited by Germans, which laid the foundation for subsequent development of this region]]
Shandong's return to Chinese administration came during the Warlord Era of the Republic of China, when the Zhili clique of warlords was given control, but after the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924, the northeast China-based Fengtian clique took over. In April 1925, the Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang, nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", as military governor of Shandong Province. Time dubbed him China's "basest warlord". He ruled over the province until 1928 when he was ousted in the wake of the Northern Expedition. He was succeeded by Han Fuju, who was loyal to the warlord Feng Yuxiang but later switched his allegiance to the Nanjing government headed by Chiang Kai-shek. Han Fuju also ousted the warlord Liu Zhennian, nicknamed the "King of Shandong East", who ruled eastern Shandong Province, hence unifying the province under his rule.
In 1937 Japan began its invasion of China in the Second World War, which would eventually become part of the Pacific theater. Han Fuju was made Deputy Commander in Chief of the 5th War Area and put in charge of defending the lower Yellow River valley. However, he abandoned his base and about 600,000 Ethnic Chinese civilians fled out Jinan city with only elderly too old to leave remaining when Japanese troops crossed the Yellow River. He was executed shortly thereafter for not following orders .
thumb|The surrender ceremony of Japanese troops in Shandong Theater on 27 December 1945
During the Japanese occupation, with resistance continuing in the unoccupied areas especially by Muslim peasant villages, by 1945, communist Chinese Red Army forces already held some parts of Shandong. Over the next four years of the Chinese Civil War, they expanded their holdings, eventually driving the Kuomintang (government of the Republic of China) out of Shandong to the island of Taiwan. In May 1947, during the Menglianggu Campaign in the Yimeng Mountains of central Shandong, the Chinese Communist East China Field Army annihilated the Nationalist 74th Corp, widely considered the most elite unit of the National Revolutionary Army. In 1948, Communist forces captured Weixian—then known as the "fortress of central Shandong"—during the Battle of Weixian.
On 2 June 1949, after the withdrawal of the Nationalist Army's 11th Pacification District and U.S. forces from Qingdao, the People's Liberation Army entered the city and incorporated it into Shandong's jurisdiction. On 12 August of the same year, the PLA's Third Field Army secured victory in the Changshan Islands Campaign. With this, the Communist forces had taken full control of Shandong Province. On 25 August 1966, a confrontation known as the "Qingdao Incident" broke out between cadres and workers on one side and students from three major local universities on the other. This marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution in Shandong Province.
Mao died in 1976, ending the era of restless political movement in China, two years later, the new leadership launched the Reform and Opening Up. Shandong, especially the eastern coastal region—experienced significant economic development. By 1986, for the first time, the total output value of township and village enterprises across the province surpassed that of agriculture.
In 1996, Shandong became the first province in China to achieve full electrification of all households. In 1999, Zhanhua County, the province's last officially designated impoverished county, was declared poverty-free. In 2004, Shandong overtook Guangdong in both industrial output and profits, becoming China's top province in industrial strength for the first time.
thumb|Benefited from its coast, Shandong experienced rapid economic growth after 1978. Ports like [[Qingdao Port|Qingdao, Yantai, and Rizhao are constantly ranked top 50 in the world by container traffics]]
In August and September 2008, Qingdao, as a partner city of Beijing, hosted the sailing competitions of the 29th Summer Olympic Games and the 13th Summer Paralympic Games.
In 2009, Jinan hosted the 11th National Games of the People's Republic of China. On 16 July 2010, German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited China, during which both sides agreed to support the establishment of the Sino-German Ecopark within the Qingdao Economic and Technological Development Zone.
In 2011, the development plan for the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone was officially approved. On 3 June 2014, the State Council formally approved the establishment of the national-level Qingdao West Coast New Area in Huangdao District.
In August 2019, the State Council approved the establishment of the China (Shandong) Pilot Free Trade Zone, which includes three areas: Jinan, Qingdao, and Yantai. By 2020, the total population of the Shandong Peninsula urban agglomeration was expected to exceed 103 million, with an urban population of 67 million.
Geography
left|thumb|[[Mount Tai, with the height of , is the highest point of Shandong Province]]
thumb|[[Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve|Yellow River Delta, which is located from downtown Dongying, is one of the largest river delta in the world]]
thumb|View of [[Rongcheng, Shandong|Rongcheng, the eastmost city of Shandong from a hill]]
Shandong is on the eastern edge of the North China Plain and in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and extends out to sea as the Shandong Peninsula. Shandong borders the Bohai Sea to the north, Hebei to the northwest, Henan to the west, Jiangsu to the south, and the Yellow Sea to the northeast, east and southeast. It shares a short border with Anhui between Henan and Jiangsu.
The northwestern, western, and southwestern parts of the province are all part of the vast North China Plain. The province's center is more mountainous, with Mount Tai being the most prominent. The east of the province is the hilly Shandong Peninsula extending into the sea; Miaodao Archipaelago to the north of Shandong Peninsula is the border of Bohai Sea (west) and Yellow Sea (east). The highest peak of Shandong is Jade Emperor Peak, with a height of , which is also the highest peak in the Mount Tai Ranges.
The Yellow River passes through Shandong's western areas, since 1855, it has always been entering the sea to Shandong's northern coast; in Shandong, it flows on a levee, higher than the surrounding land, and dividing western Shandong into the Hai He watershed in the north and the Huai River watershed in the south. The Grand Canal of China enters Shandong from the northwest and leaves on the southwest. Weishan Lake is the largest lake in the province. Shandong's coastline is long. Shandong Peninsula has a rocky coastline with cliffs, bays, and islands; Laizhou Bay, the southernmost of the 3 bays of the Bohai Sea, is bordering the northern coast between Dongying and Penglai; Jiaozhou Bay, which is much smaller, is surrounded by Qingdao. The Miaodao Islands extends northwards from the northernmost coast of the peninsula, separating the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea.
With Jinan serving as the province's economic and cultural center, the province's economic prowess has led to the development of modern coastal cities located at Qingdao, Weihai, and Yantai.
Climate
thumb|[[Koppen Classification map of Shandong, based on its climate from 1991 to 2020]]
Shandong has a temperate climate: humid continental (Köppen Dwa); it is bordering humid subtropical (Cwa under the Köppen climate classification) in the south. Generally, summers are hot (typical max 35 °C) and rainy (except for eastern parts of Jiaodong Peninsula (typical max 28 °C) and Mount Tai (typical max 20 °C)), while winters are cold and dry. Average temperatures are in January and in July. Annual precipitation is , the vast majority of which occurs during summer, due to monsoonal influences.
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="border: 2px solid #666; border-collapse: collapse;font-size:smaller; text-align: right;"
|+Average temperature in Shandong (°C)
|- style="text-align: center;"
| || colspan="4" |Spring|| colspan="4"|Summer|| colspan="4"|Fall|| colspan="4"|Winter||
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #666;"
!Location||Mar||Apr||May||Seasonal avg.||Jun||Jul||Aug||Seasonal avg.||Sept||Oct||Nov||Seasonal avg.||Dec||Jan||Feb||Seasonal avg.||Annual avg.
|-
|Jinan||7.6||15.2||21.8||14.9||26.3||27.4||26.2||26.6||21.7||15.8||7.9||15.1||1.1||−1.4||0.1||0.3||14.2
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Qingdao||4.5||10.2||15.7||10.1||20.0||23.9||25.1||23.0||24.1||15.9||8.8||15.4||2.0||−1.2||0.1||0.3||12.2
|-
|Zibo||6.1||13.8||20.2||13.4||25.1||26.9||25.5||25.8||20.5||14.2||6.5||13.7||−0.5||−3.0||−0.6||−1.4||12.9
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Zaozhuang||7.5||14.1||20.0||13.9||24.9||26.8||26.3||26.0||21.3||15.3||8.0||14.9||1.5||-0.8||1.5||0.7||13.9
|-
|Dongying||4.5||12.1||19.1||11.9||23.5||26.0||25.4||25.0||20.2||13.8||5.8||13.3||−1.3||−4.0||−1.9||−2.4||11.9
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Yantai||4.3||11.2||17.8||11.1||21.7||24.7||25.0||23.8||21.2||15.6||8.4||15.1||1.6||−1.6||−0.5||−0.2||12.5
|-
|Weifang||5.1||12.5||19.1||12.2||23.6||25.9||25.2||24.9||20.2||14.2||6.5||13.6||−0.5||−3.2||−1.0||−1.6||12.3
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Jining||7.3||14.2||20.2||13.9||25.4||26.9||26.0||26.1||20.7||14.8||7.1||14.2||0.4||−1.9||0.9||−0.2||13.5
|-
|Binzhou||5.4||13.0||19.8||12.7||24.5||26.5||25.5||25.5||20.3||13.9||5.9||13.4||−0.9||−3.8||−1.4||−2.0||12.4
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Dezhou||6.0||14.0||20.7||13.6||25.5||26.9||25.5||26.0||20.6||14.1||5.9||13.5||−1.0||−3.4||−0.8||−1.7||12.9
|-
|Heze||7.1||14.3||20.4||13.9||25.7||27.0||25.9||26.2||20.8||14.7||7.2||14.2||0.6||−1.7||1.2||0.0||13.6
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Liaocheng||6.9||14.1||20.5||13.8||25.6||26.8||25.6||26.0||20.5||14.4||6.6||13.8||−0.1||−2.6||−0.2||−0.8||13.2
|-
|Linyi||6.3||13.3||19.3||13.0||23.9||26.2||25.9||25.3||21.0||15.0||7.7||14.6||1.0||−1.5||0.7||0.1||13.2
|- style="background: #ddd;"
|Tai'an||6.3||13.5||19.4||13.1||24.7||26.3||25.4||25.5||20.3||14.4||6.5||13.7||−0.3||−2.7||0.1||−1.0||12.8
|-
|Mount Tai||−1.6||5.6||11.3||5.1||15.6||17.8||17.1||16.8||12.5||6.8||−0.2||6.4||−6.1||−8.6||−6.7||−7.1||5.3
|}
Geology
thumb|[[Shantungosaurus was a flat-headed, crestless hadrosaurid dinosaur that lived in East Asia during the Late Cretaceous period. It is the largest known non-sauropod herbivorous dinosaur in the world, with a body size that even exceeded that of large carnivorous dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus and Spinosaurus]]
Shandong is part of the Eastern Block of the North China craton. Beginning in the Mesozoic, Shandong has undergone a crustal thinning that is unusual for a craton and that has reduced the thickness of the crust from to as little as . Shandong has hence experienced extensive volcanism in the Tertiary.
Some geological formations in Shandong are rich in fossils. For example, Zhucheng in southeastern Shandong has been the site of discovering many dinosaur fossils. In 2008, about 7,600 dinosaur bones from Zhuchengtyrannus, Ankylosaurus, and other genera were found, likely the largest collection ever discovered at one location.
Resources
[[File:Land-use-changes-in-Shandong-province-during-20002008.jpg|thumb|
Land use changes in Shandong Province between 2000 and 2008
]]
Shandong is rich in mineral resources, with 128 types of minerals discovered across the province—accounting for 78% of all known mineral types in China. Among the 74 minerals with proven reserves, over 30 rank among the top ten in the country. Of these, gold (rock gold), native sulfur (over 90% of the national reserve), and gypsum (about 70% of national reserves) rank first nationwide. Jiaodong region is the largest gold-producing area in China and the third-largest gold concentration zone in the world. Within the province's maritime exclusive economic zone, 102 types of marine minerals have been discovered, 65 of which have proven reserves.
In 2015, Shandong had a total land area of 237 million mu (approximately 15.8 million hectares), including 173 million mu of agricultural land (with 114 million mu of cultivated land), 42.3 million mu of construction land, and 21.63 million mu of unused land. The province features six major soil types: brown earth, cinnamon soil, fluvo-aquic soil, sandy loam black soil, saline-alkali soil, and paddy soil. Among these, fluvo-aquic, brown, and cinnamon soils occupy the largest areas, accounting for 48%, 24%, and 19% of the cultivated land, respectively.
According to the results of the ninth continuous national forest resource survey, Shandong had a forest coverage rate of 17.51%. Vegetation in the province belongs to 80 families, 203 genera, and includes 615 species. The natural vegetation is mainly warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest, with the predominant genus being Quercus (oak), such as Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata, and Quercus aliena, with the first being the most common. Representative conifer species include the Japanese red pine.
Shandong is home to more than 400 species of terrestrial vertebrates, including nearly 50 mammal species, 356 bird species, 17 reptile species, and 2 amphibian species. Additionally, there are over 600 species of marine economic organisms, including 260 species of fish and 90 species of shellfish.
Politics
Party head and provincial government
thumb|Entrance of Shandong Provincial [[People's Congress China|People's Congress in Jinan; the People's Congress in China is equivalent to state council in Western countries. This site was also used as Masion of Governor of Shandong during Qing Dynasty]]
thumb|Tomb of the 64th generation senior descendant of Confucius, [[Duke Yansheng#Ming dynasty (1368–1644)|Kong Shangxian. Many generations of the senior-branch direct descendants of Confucius ruled the Qufu area as its feudal rulers]]
The Shandong Provincial Committee of the Chinese Communist Party is the leading organ of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Shandong Province. It is elected by the Shandong Provincial Congress of the CCP and, during the intersessional period of the congress, executes the directives of the Central Committee of the CCP and the resolutions of the provincial congress, leads the work of Shandong Province, and regularly reports its work to the Central Committee of the CCP. Lin Wu is the current Secretary of the Shandong Provincial Party Committee.
The Shandong Provincial People's Congress is the organ of state power in Shandong Province. It was established on 17 August 1954. It currently consists of provincial deputies elected from the 16 prefecture-level cities of Shandong and the People's Liberation Army units stationed in the province. Lin Wu currently also serves as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Shandong Provincial People's Congress.
The Shandong Provincial People's Government is the State Administration in Shandong province. Its main officials are elected and appointed by The Shandong Provincial People's Congress. The provincial government reports to Shandong Provincial People's Congress and State Council of the People's Republic of China. The current Governor of Shandong is Zhou Naixiang.
Judicial system
thumb|Shandong Provincial Supreme Court
In ancient times, Shandong implemented a judicial system in which administrative and judicial powers were combined—local administrative chiefs also served as judicial officials. It was not until the late Qing dynasty that a modern judicial system began to take shape.
Today, the Shandong High People's Court serves as the highest court in the province, under the supervision of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China. The current President of the Court is Huo Min. As of February 2018, there are 18 intermediate courts in Shandong, including 16 municipal intermediate people's courts, as well as two specialized courts: the Jinan Railway Transport Intermediate Court and the Qingdao Maritime Court. The province also has 156 basic-level courts and 633 grassroots tribunals.
The Shandong People's Procuratorate serves as the legal supervisory authority, comprising 16 municipal-level procuratorates, 1 railway transport procuratorate, and 161 grassroots procuratorates.
Military
thumb|180px|[[Dong Jun, a native from Yantai, and former chief of staff of North Sea Fleet, now served as China's 14th Minister of National Defense |left]]
In February 1949, the Shandong Military Region was established. In 1955, it was reorganized into the Jinan Military Region, which was responsible for the operational command of the land, sea, and air forces within the two provincial-level administrative regions of Shandong and Henan, as well as military, political, and logistical affairs of its subordinate units. It also oversaw the militia, conscription, mobilization, and battlefield construction within its jurisdiction. It served as the strategic general reserve force of the entire PLA. The military region headquarters was located in Shizhong, Jinan.
In October 1961, based on the Mobilization Department of the Jinan Military Region, the Shandong Provincial Military District was established. The militia system was widely implemented across the province. By 1985, Shandong had approximately 1.6 million first-class reserve troops and about 6.4 million second-class reserve troops. Currently, the commander of the provincial military district is Qiu Yuechao, and the political commissar is Wang Aiguo.
After the establishment of the Theater Commands on 1 February 2016, Shandong came under the jurisdiction of the PLA Northern Theater Command. The headquarters of the Northern Theater Army, the Shandong Provincial Military District, and the Shandong Armed Police Corps are stationed in Jinan. Qingdao hosts the headquarters of the PLA Northern Theater Navy. The PLA Navy's first destroyer unit was founded in Qingdao in 1954. The base for China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, and its nuclear submarine base are also located in Qingdao.
Other cities are also of military importance. The headquarter of the PLA 80th Group Army is located in Weifang. The PLA Rocket Force's 822nd Missile Brigade is stationed in Laiwu, equipped with DF-21C medium-range ballistic missiles, and the Rocket Force NCO School of People's Liberation Army Rocket Force was established in Qingzhou, Weifang in 2017. On 17 December 2019, the aircraft carrier Shandong was officially commissioned.
Economy
As of 1832, Shandong was exporting fruits, vegetables, wine, drugs, and deerskin, often heading to Guangzhou to exchange clothing and fabrics. as well as precious metals such as gold and diamonds. It also has one of the biggest sapphire deposits in the world. Other important crops include sorghum and maize. Shandong has extensive petroleum deposits as well, especially the Shengli Oil Field (lit. Victory Oilfield) in the Dongying area in the Yellow River delta. Shandong also produces bromine from underground wells and salt from seawater. It is the largest agricultural exporter in China.
Shandong is one of China's richest provinces, and its economic development focuses on large enterprises with well-known brand names. Shandong is the biggest industrial producer and one of the top manufacturing provinces in China. Shandong has also benefited from South Korean and Japanese investment and tourism, due to its geographical proximity to those countries. The richest part of the province is the Shandong Peninsula, where the city of Qingdao is home to three of the most well-known brand names of China: Tsingtao Beer, Haier and Hisense. Besides, Dongying's oil fields and petroleum industries form an important component of Shandong's economy. Despite the primacy of Shandong's energy sector, the province has also been plagued with problems of inefficiency and ranks as the largest consumer of fossil fuels in all of China.<br />(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l.dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017
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||CNY
||USD
||PPP<br />(Int'l$.)
||USD 1
||Int'l$. 1<br />(PPP)
|- align=right
||2016||6,802,449||1,024,110||1,943,057||7.6||68,733||10,348||19,633||6.6423||3.5009
|- align=right
||2015||6,393,074||1,026,439||1,801,120||8.0||65,114||10,454||18,345||6.2284||3.5495
|- align=right
||2014||6,030,036||981,643||1,698,410||8.7||61,774||10,056||17,399||6.1428||3.5504
|- align=right
||2013||5,602,372||904,601||1,566,265||9.6||57,702||9,317||16,132||6.1932||3.5769
|- align=right
||2012||5,071,045||803,334||1,428,142||9.9||52,490||8,315||14,783||6.3125||3.5508
|- align=right
||2011||4,543,951||703,529||1,296,235||10.9||47,416||7,341||13,526||6.4588||3.5055
|- align=right
||2010||3,962,074||585,283||1,196,784||12.3||41,579||6,142||12,559||6.7695||3.3106
|- align=right
||2009||3,425,154||501,413||1,084,768||12.2||36,270||5,310||11,487||6.8310||3.1575
|- align=right
||2008||3,123,138||449,689||983,108||12.1||33,253||4,788||10,467||6.9451||3.1768
|- align=right
||2007||2,599,074||341,804||862,076||14.3||27,833||3,660||9,232||7.6040||3.0149
|- align=right
||2006||2,205,967||276,721||766,573||14.7||23,775||2,982||8,262||7.9718||2.8777
|- align=right
||2005||1,849,700||225,802||646,974||15.1||20,075||2,451||7,022||8.1917||2.8590
|- align=right
||2000||833,747||100,714||306,604||10.3||9,326||1,127||3,430||8.2784||2.7193
|- align=right
||1990||151,119||31,594||88,758||5.3||1,815||379||1,066||4.7832||1.7026
|- align=right
||1980||29,213||19,496||19,534||12.2||402||268||269||1.4984||1.4955
|- align=right
||1978||22,545||14,498||||10.1||316||203||||1.5550||
|- align=right
||1970||12,631||5,131||||15.7||199||81||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1965||8,625||3,504||||22.0||152||62||||2.4618||
|- align=right
||1957||6,139||2,358||||−3.5||116||45||||2.6040||
|- align=right
||1952||4,381||1,971||||||91||41||||2.2227||
|}
; Nominal GDP of Shandong by year (billion CNY)
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Agriculture
Shandong is one of China's most important agricultural provinces. Its output value from farming, forestry, animal husbandry, by-products, and fisheries has consistently ranked first nationwide. The province is a major producer of grain, cotton, oilseeds, meat, eggs, and dairy. Shandong also has a highly developed agricultural industrialization system, and its agricultural exports have topped national rankings for decades.
The province's grain crops are typically grown in two seasons: summer and autumn. Summer crops are dominated by winter wheat, while autumn crops include corn, sweet potatoes, soybeans, rice, millet, sorghum, and other minor grains. Among them, wheat, corn, and sweet potatoes are the province's three major staples.
Shandong not only boasts abundant cultivated and livestock breeds, but also rich wild flora and fauna. In terms of plant resources, the province produces over 40 staple and cash crops such as wheat, corn, sweet potatoes, and peanuts, over 60 varieties of vegetables and melons, and more than 660 species of woody plants including fruit trees, tea, mulberry, and oak trees. There are over 1,350 species of wild economic plants, including those used for starch, oils, fibers, aromatic oils, tannins, medicinal uses, and natural pesticides.
In 2013, the following agricultural products were awarded the title of "Top 10 Geographical Indication Trademarks of Shandong": Zhanhua winter jujubes, Zhangqiu scallions, Rizhao green tea, Yantai apples, Jinxiang garlic, Rongcheng kelp, Pingyi honeysuckle, Jiaozhou cabbage, and Feicheng peaches.
Animal resources include over 10 types of domesticated livestock and poultry, 55 species of small and medium-sized mammals, and more than 270 species of birds (resident, summer migratory, winter migratory, and transit). There are also 563 species of beneficial predators to agricultural pests and 763 species of agricultural pests. Additionally, inland aquatic resources include more than 30 species of vascular aquatic plants and over 70 species of freshwater fish.
Fishery
thumb|Fishing fleet at [[Longkou port|240x240px]]
Fisheries are a traditional strength of Shandong's economy. In 2014, the province's total aquatic product output exceeded 9 million tons, with a total fishery output value of ¥360 billion, and over 12 million mu (about 800,000 hectares) of aquaculture area. Dominant marine aquaculture industries include sea cucumbers, kelp, prawns, flounder, sole, clams, and Chinese mitten crabs. Inland aquaculture is rapidly developing local specialties such as softshell turtles, Siniperca chuatsi, loach, and icefish.
Wine industry
thumb|right|Shandong coastal vineyards
The production of wine is the second largest industry in the Shandong Province, second only to agriculture.
Geographically, the coastal areas remain relatively flat. Most of the soil is loose, well-ventilated, and rich in minerals and organic matter that enable full development of the root systems.
Presently, there are more than 140 wineries in the region, mainly distributed in the Nanwang Grape Valley and the Yan-Peng Sightseeing Highway (both are in Yantai). The region produced more than 40% of China's grape wine production. Main varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Gernischt, Merlot, Riesling and Chardonnay are all at 20 years of age, considered to be the golden stage for these grapes. Most of them maintain an average saccharinity of above 20%.
Major producers
- Changyu Pioneer Wine Co.
- China Great Wall Wine Co. Ltd.
Service sector
In 2015, the tertiary sector (services) accounted for 45.3% of Shandong Province's total economic output. In 2012, the value-added of the service sector accounted for 40% of GDP. The value-added of the financial sector reached ¥201.9 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 19%; the real estate sector contributed ¥201.6 billion, up 6.5%; total revenue from tourism was ¥451.97 billion; and software business revenue from large-scale software enterprises amounted to ¥173.79 billion. In 2015, the financial sector's value-added accounted for 5% of Shandong's GDP, and its contribution to local tax revenue reached 10.7%, making it one of the province's pillar industries. By 2018, the province's three-sector economic structure had adjusted to a ratio of 6.5:44.0:49.5 (primary:secondary:tertiary), with the service sector contributing 60% to overall economic growth.
Economic and technological development zones
;Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone
thumb|[[Inspur Group in Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone|240x240px]]
Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of that is divided into a central area covering , an export processing district of , and an eastern extension area of . Since its foundation, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India.
;Jinan Export Processing Zone
The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone, and to the north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are respectively.
; Qingdao Economic & Technological Development Area
thumb|[[CR400AF produced by CRRC Qingdao Sifang]]
Approved by the State Council in October 1984, Qingdao Economic and Technical Development Zone has a plan of . In 2004 the local GDP was ¥27.51 billion, which increased by 28.9%; the total industrial output value is ¥60.6 billion, which increased by 31%. There have been 48 projects invested by companies listed among the Global Fortune 500 in the zone. With the fast development of reform and opening-up, Haier, Hisense, Aucma, Sinopec, CSIC, CNOOC, CIMC etc. are all located in the zone.
; Qingdao Free Trade Zone
The State Council established Qingdao Free Trade Zone in 1992. The zone is away from Qingdao Liuting Airport. It is also close to Qingdao Qianwan Container Terminal. At present, more than 40 foreign-invested enterprises have moved in, and 2000 projects have been approved. It is one of the special economic areas which enjoys the most favorable investment policies on customs, foreign exchange, foreign trade, and taxation in China.
; Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone
The State Council approved Qingdao High-Tech Industrial Development Zone in 1992. The zone is located close to Qingdao Liuting Airport and Qingdao Harbor. Encouraged industries include electronic information, biotechnology, medicine, new materials, new energy, advanced equipment manufacturing, marine science & technology, national defense technology.
; Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA)
Established in August 1995, Weifang Binhai Economic & Technological Development Area (BEDA) is a national economic and technological development area approved by the State Council. Covering an area of , BEDA has a population of 100,000. BEDA possesses a large state-owned industrial land for use with an area of . The land can be transacted conveniently, guaranteeing the demand of any project construction and providing broad development space for the enterprises in the area. Continuously, BEDA has been accredited as National Demonstration Zone invigorating the Sea by Science and Technology, National Innovation Base for Rejuvenating Trade through Science and Technology and National Demonstration Eco-Industry Park.
;Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone
Weihai Economic and Technological Development Zone is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council on 21 Oct 1992. The administrative area has an area of , including the programmed area of and an initial area of . Its nearest port is Weihai Port, and the airport closest to the zone is Wuhai Airport.
;Weihai Export Processing Zone
Weihai Export & Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up by the approval of the State Council on 27 April 2000. Weihai EPZ is located in Weihai Economic & Technological Development Zone with programmed area of . Weihai EPZ belongs to comprehensive export & processing zone. The EPZ is located to Weihai Airport, to Weihai railway station and to Weihai Harbor.
;Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park
Weihai Torch Hi-Tech Science Park is a state-level development zone approved by the State Council in March 1991. Located in Weihai's northwest zone of culture, education and science, the Park has the total area of , the coastal line of and 150,000 residents. It is away from the city center, away from Weihai Port, away from Weihai railway station, away from Weihai Airport and away from Yantai Airport.
; Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area
Yantai Economic and Technological Development Area is one of the earliest approved state level economic development zones in China. It now has planned area of and a population of 115,000. It lies on the tip of the Shandong Peninsula facing the Yellow Sea. It adjoins to downtown Yantai, merely away from Yantai Port, away from Yantai railway station, and a 30-minute drive to Yantai International Airport.
; Yantai Export Processing Zone
Yantai Export Processing Zone (YTEPZ) is one of the first 15 export processing zones approved by the State Council. The total construction area of YTEPZ is , in which the initial zone covers . After developing for several years, YTEPZ is completely constructed. At present, the infrastructure has been completed, standard workshops of and bonded warehouses of have been built up. Up to now, owning perfect investment environment and conditions, YTEPZ has attracted investors both from foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Sweden, the United States, Canada, etc., and from the domestic to invest and operate in the zone.
; Zibo National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
Demographics
Accurate population statistics for Shandong Province began during the Han dynasty, and its development since then can be divided into four stages. In 2 AD, the population in the area of present-day Shandong Province was over 12 million, and it exceeded 30 million for the first time by 1830—this was the first stage. From 1841 to 1949, the second stage, the population of Shandong grew steadily, reaching 45 million by 1949. During the 1950s and 1960s, Shandong experienced rapid population growth, followed by family planning policies in the 1970s and 1980s. By 1988, the population reached over 80 million. According to the 2010 national census, the permanent population of Shandong was 95.7931 million. In 2015, 1.2358 million people were born, and the year-end permanent population reached 98.4716 million. Among them, the 0–14 age group accounted for 16.62% of the total population, the 15–64 age group accounted for 71.17%, and those aged 65 and over accounted for 12.21%. With a population of more than 101,527,453 at the 2020 Chinese census, the permanent population of Shandong exceeded 100 million, ranking second in China after Guangdong Province and slightly ahead of Henan.
According to the 2010 national census, 8.3287 million people had attained a university level of education, 13.3226 million had a high school education, 38.4682 million had a junior high school education, and 23.9124 million had a primary school education. The illiterate population was 4.7573 million, with an illiteracy rate of 4.97%. Shandong has achieved a high level of compulsory education: in 2016, the net enrollment rate for primary school-age children was 99.97%, and the retention rate for compulsory education was 97.2%.
By the end of 2014, there were 2.615 million people aged over 80 in the province, and 5,932 people aged over 100. The average life expectancy was 73.42 years in 2000, 76.46 years in 2010, and was projected to reach 78 years in 2016. In 2009, Laizhou was recognized by the China Gerontological Society as a "Longevity Town of China". It was the tenth such town in China, the first in Shandong Province, and also the first in Northern China.
Among the 16 prefecture-level cities, two had populations exceeding 10 million: Linyi with 11.018 million, and Qingdao with 10.072 million. Among the total resident population, 51.433 million were male (50.66%) and 50.095 million were female (49.34%). The overall sex ratio was 102.67, and the birth sex ratio was 111.95. The population aged 0–14 was 19.063 million (18.78%), those aged 15–59 were 61.244 million (60.32%), and those aged 60 and over were 21.221 million (20.90%), of whom 15.364 million (15.13%) were aged 65 and above. Among the total resident population, 14.603 million had a college education or above, and 14.553 million had a high school education (including technical secondary school). The average years of schooling among the population aged 15 and above was 9.75 years, and the illiteracy rate was 3.26%. 64.014 million people lived in urban areas (63.05%), while 37.513 million lived in rural areas (36.95%).
Shandong citizens are also known to have the tallest average height of any Chinese province. As of 2010, 16-18-year-old male students in Yantai measured while female students measured .
; Total population of Shandong by year
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Ethnicity
As of March 2015, there were 55 ethnic minority groups in Shandong Province, with a total resident population of 720,000, accounting for 0.75% of the province's total population. Among them, the Hui ethnic group numbered 540,000, accounting for 75% of the total ethnic minority population in the province. There are four Hui townships in the province, they are town of Jinling, Zibo, town of Shiliwang, Dezhou, town of Zhanglu, Liaocheng, and town of Houji, Heze.
On 21 May 2021, the main data of the seventh national population census in Shandong Province was released. The data showed that the total resident population was 101.527 million, of which 100.622 million were Han Chinese, accounting for 99.11%, and 905,000 were ethnic minorities, accounting for 0.89%.
In addition, there are considerable Korean diaspora in Shandong; for example, Qingdao has a Korean population of over 100,000, accounting for about 7.19% of total Koreans in China.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Ethnic groups in Shandong according to the 2020 Chinese census
!Ethnicity
!Male
!Female
!Total population
!Percentage
|-
|Han
|50,981,231
|49,641,263
|100,622,494
|99.109%
|-
|Hui
|279,413
|272,802
|552,215
|0.544%
|-
|Mongol
|19,360
|18,294
|37,654
|0.037%
|-
|Zang (Tibetan)
|1,851
|2,501
|4,352
|0.004%
|-
|Other ethnic groups
|151,076
|159,662
|310,738
|0.003%
|-
|Total
|51,432,931
|50,094,522
|101,527,453
|100%
|}