Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland

thumb|Logo of the party used on its website. However, the party continues to use the original logo. The trade union of Samoobrona also continues to display the original logo.

The Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland (, SRP) is a Christian socialist, populist, agrarian, and nationalist political party and trade union in Poland. The party promotes agrarian socialist and Catholic socialist and far-left.

Though considered a "political chameleon", According to Andrzej Antoszewski, Self-Defence was a radical left-wing party that by postulating the need to stop privatisation and protect workers' interests, often overlapped with neo-communist parties. In English-language literature, the party is described as a radical left-populist party. In the wake of the SLD's electoral defeat in 2005, Self-Defence was sometimes referred to as the "new left". It was also called a left-wing party with a populist-agrarian face. Political scientists also described it as socialist, allowing it to form alliances with the Democratic Left Alliance. On the other hand, its anti-neoliberal and nationalist narrative also allowed it to briefly cooperate with PiS and LPR in 2005.

Founded by Andrzej Lepper in 1992, the party initially fared poorly, failing to enter the Sejm. However, it was catapulted to prominence in the 2001 parliamentary election, winning 53 seats, after which it gave confidence and supply to the Democratic Left Alliance government. It elected six MEPs at the 2004 European election, with five joining the Union for Europe of the Nations and one joining the PES Group.

It switched its support to Law and Justice (PiS) after the 2005 election, in which it won 56 seats in the Sejm and three in the Senate. Lepper was appointed Deputy Prime Minister in the coalition government with PiS and the League of Polish Families. In 2007, he was dismissed from his position and the party withdrew from the coalition. This precipitated a new election, at which the party collapsed to just 1.5% of the vote: losing all its seats. On August 5, 2011, the Party's leader, Andrzej Lepper, was found dead in his party's office in Warsaw. His death was ruled a suicide by hanging.

History

Beginnings

The origins of Samoobrona date back to a spontaneous protest movement of farmers from Western Pomerania (the Darlowo area is the hometown of A. Lepper) and the Zamojszczyzna region, which developed into a trade union. The very creation of the political party was originally aimed solely at supporting the 'Samoobrona' Trade Union of Agriculture (ZZR 'Samoobrona'), which had played a leading role for a long time. Samoobrona as a movement had communist origins,

As Lepper reported many years later. Lepper, the idea to create a trade union, and then a political movement, was born after a meeting with Deputy Prime Minister Leszek Balcerowicz in the autumn of 1991: "Everything that happened afterwards - with me and Samoobrona - I therefore owe, to some extent, to that two hours long conversation of 10 years ago".

The beginnings of party's activities date to Lepper's home village Darłowo, which has been plunged into poverty between 1989 and 1991 as a result of the neoliberal Balcerowicz Plan, which dismantled the socialist economy in Poland in favor of a capitalist free-market one. As the state sector of agricultures was dismantled and privatized, rural areas experienced an extreme spike of unemployment, poverty and social exclusion. Unfavourable prices of agricultural products on the market further aggravated the situation - between 1990 and 1991, agricultural prices increased threefold while industrial prices increased tenfold, drastically diminishing the purchasing power of Polish agriculture. This was combined with a huge decrease in farmers' real income. In Lepper's region, the situation became particularly critical as a result of heavy rainfall, which caused local flooding.

On 18 January 1991, the first rally was organised in Darłowo, attended by local farmers and the unemployed, including Andrzej Lepper. During the rally, protesters formed the Self-Defence of the Unemployed Homeless Association of the Pomeranian Region Darłowo (). Samoobrona itself was then founded on 27 July 1991 as a trade union Protest Committee of Self-Defence of Farmers (), with Lepper being elected as its leader. First protest initiated by Lepper then took place on 5 August 1991, which demanded that the state of natural disaster be declared in Darłowo, along with demanding special aid and compensation to affected farmers. Lepper also made an appeal to the local voivode that the government temporarily suspends the enforcement of unpaid debts on local citizens. His plea was ignored.

During the intense protests, Lepper made the first attempt in his political activity to participate in electoral competition. The electoral law for the Sejm and Senate, in force in 1991, allowed committees to register in only one electoral district, thus leading to an extreme fragmentation of the party system. However, the run in the 1991 Polish parliamentary election was unsuccessful - something that Lepper attributed to lack of his direct participation in the campaign. The list of the Provincial Farmers' Self-Defence Committee () opened by the party's leader received only 3,247 votes in constituency number 21, covering the then Koszalin and Słupsk voivodeships. Registered in only one of 37 constituencies, the 3,247 votes won by the committee amounted to 0.03% of the nationwide popular vote. With Lepper being on top of the electoral list, other two candidates of the committee were Leszek Siudek and Józef Kołodziej. Lepper presented his committee as "farmers' social movement emerged on the basis of farmers' disconent".

Three months later, the second wave of farmer protests then emerged, with greater intensity than the protests of 1991. Already functioning as the National Council of the Trade Union "Self-Defense", Samoobrona delivered a new ultimatum to the government in early 1992, including the clearing of farm debts and a program of "cheap" credit for farmers, with cheap defined as credits with an interest rate below the inflation level, which amounted to 40% in 1992. After the demands were ignored, Samoobrona was joined in with other trade unions and farmer associations in aummer 1992, organizing nationwide farmer protests that soon turned radical and even violent, earning Samoobrona its reputation as a radical formation. Samoobrona then started defining its ideological character, stating the need for farmers to stand against "the dictatorship of the International Monetary Fund" and arguing: "Under communism, the Soviets ordered us Poles what to do, and now this dictatorship position has been taken over by international capitalism." Samoobrona extended its debt clearance demands to non-agricultural parts of the economy, and on 10 July, the protests reached its climax when farmers organizing a march in Warsaw, where the protesters clashed with anti-riot police deployed by the government.

In 1993, Andrzej Lepper took part in an interview with journalists Jan Ul and Henryk Gaworski, where Lepper introduced Samoobrona and the ideology of the party. Lepper identified with the rebel faction of the Polish United Workers' Party that opposed the leading "Jaruzelski-Rakowski" wing and wanted to prevent the "policy of selling out genuinely socialist ideals and values". He also stated that Samoobrona wished to replace the capitalism of Balcerowicz with "a system that would satisfy human needs, that would prioritise man over labour and labour over capital, and would not be a system of the market but a system of social control over economic life through the state and trade unions"; Lepper admitted that this system would be socialist, but stressed the "indigenous", nationalist, "patriotic" and Catholic character of Samoobrona's socialism, one that was to be inspired by Catholic social teaching and agrarian-socialist pre-WW2 peasant movements. As the movement expanded beyond its original local base in the north-western region of Poland as a result of high-profile violent protests in Warsaw, it became an actor beyond regional politics. While new regional offshoots emerged, Self-Defence was also involved in attempts to build a viable national protest movement. Its main allies in these ultimately futile efforts were extreme nationalist groups such as the Stronnictwo Narodowe „Ojczyzna”. Their joint demonstration in Warsaw on 2 April 1993, for example, turned violent and led to clashes with the police.

Agrarian protests of Samoobrona were attracting widespread media attention as well as popularity, and in April 1992 Lepper founded special paramilitary group of farmers called "Peasant Battalions" (), referring to a Polish agrarian WW2-era resistance movement of the same name. Samoobrona's Peasant Battalions were to protect farmers against the bailiffs and evictions; after founding the group, Lepper stated: "We will strengthen physical fortitude, develop patriotism and train our military troops. We don't want war, but we have a lawless state, so we will fight the state offices - bailiffs, banks, tax

offices - with weapons in hand. We are a radical party, open to all disadvantaged people who are starving at home." The party was accused by media of planning a revolution against the government, to which Lepper provocatively responded by stating his plans to expand the Samoobrona coalition with pensioners and unemployed. Incendiary comments of Samoobrona members such as "If someone has a billion or two or ten, they really couldn't have made it through legal work" became widely reported and known.

The emergence of Self-Defence as an organised political group was somewhat clouded by the alleged active involvement of former members of the communist security services who acted as advisers or activists, especially in the early days. In this context, the involvement of Soviet and Russian intelligence was also alleged. This led to calls for a parliamentary enquiry into the origins of the party and possibly its hidden agendas. One of the most striking features of Self-Defence was undoubtedly its clear longing for the former regime, which was identified with social stability and prosperity.

Samoobrona repeated slogans about the corruption of power, disregard for peasants and workers, accused the government of stealing Polish land and property and selling it to international capitalists, while Lepper also spoke of Poles starving in small towns and villages - pensioners, the unemployed, farmers. He demanded the departure of every successive government, especially ministers of agriculture. Some political commentators asserted that Lepper's actions were radicalising and argued that the party should be banned because of the criminal cases pending against the Samoobrona trade union: concerning, among other things, the occupation of state administration buildings and blockades of public roads, preventing government officials from carrying out their legal duties, the use of blackmail and intimidation against bank and court officials, and the seizure of private property.

Lepper consistently dominated the headlines by organising spectacular protests, such as the one outside the Sejm on 19 February 1993, when farmers set up 19 large scythes and one small one - as a "lady scythe" that was intended for Prime Minister Hanna Suchocka. By this time, Lepper was emerging not only as a defender of farmers, but also of all those disadvantaged by the new system. Samoobrona appeared wherever there were protests or bailiffs tried to enforce court rulings. Media widely reported on Samoobrona preventing the sale of a state farm in Główczyce and the "battle of the Sejm", when more than a thousand Samoobrona members turned up with banners "Poland for Poles" and "We will not be a feeding ground for any party", sparking clashes with the police and causing several dozen people, including Andrzej Lepper to be detained. A few months aftwards, several thousand farmers from the "Solidarity" of Individual Farmers, Farmers' Circles and Samoobrona demonstrated in front of the government seat in Warsaw, throwing sacks of straw to symbolise poverty in the countryside. Finally, the mayor of Praszka, Włodzimierz Skoczek, was taken away in a wheelbarrow (which became Samoobrona's speciality in the fight against officials) after refusing to sign the resignation submitted to him.

The leaders of the party frequently got into legal clashes and confrontations with the police and the judiciary because of their unruly protests. A joke became popular among Polish youth: "I wish you as much luck as the number of convictions of Lepper". At the same time, they were also invited to negotiations by the country's leaders. Self-Defence used its formal dual status as a party and a trade union, which allowed it to put on whatever hat was appropriate at the time. In the late 1990s, Lepper reportedly maintained a particularly close relationship with Artur Balazs, an agriculture minister who led the liberal-conservative Conservative People's Party, which was part of the ruling AWS. Over the years, Balazs and Lepper together built up an extensive network of patronage in the state agricultural authorities. Balazs again served as a bridge between Lepper and the conservative right in 2005.

Animal welfare activism

In 1999, Samoobrona entered a coalition with the American-based Animal Welfare Institute against Smithfield Foods, American food company that wanted to enter the Polish market. After years of the neoliberal "shock therapy" that allowed foreign companies to outcompete Polish farms, the discontent of Polish farmers resulted in mass protests in 1999 organised by Samoobrona. The protests grew to 8000 protesting farmers and resulted in a total of 120 blockades. Samoobrona protesters became militant and clashed with the police, often resulting in confrontations which forced the police to use tear gas and water cannons. The Polish government capitulated to protesters' demands after a month, reforming its agricultural policy and imposing high tariffs on food imports. Surveys at the time showed that 75 percent of Polish population supported Samoobrona's protests, and the party continued its protests and decided to participate in the "Trojan Pig Tour" organised by AWI.

After the success of Samoobrona's protest and the implementation of some agricultural policy reforms intended to improve the conditions of impoverished farmers in, the Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) took interest in Samoobrona. The chairman of the organization, Tom Garrett, believed that an alliance with Polish farmers against corporate farming could be possible, given that the company that the AWI was currently protesting for its unethical and cruel treatment of animals, Smithfield Foods, was trying to expand its operations into Poland. Garrett wrote: “Why doesn’t AWI bring Polish farm leaders over to tour communities infested with hog factories? Polish farmers are militant and well organized. If they saw for themselves what corporate hog factories have done in America, they’ll stop Smithfield in its tracks.” AWI requested the help of Agnes Van Volkenburgh, a veterinarian who was born in Poland and emigrated to the USA as a teenager. With her help, AWI invited the representatives of 4 farmer parties, a Polish ministry agriculture official, animal welfare activists, and Polish press.

Initially, it appeared that no cooperation would be reached - Polish representatives were skeptical of the AWI's extremely moralistic rhetoric on animal farming. During the meeting, AWI portrayed global corporations as an "all-consuming enemy" and "cancer" that had destroyed the American farmer and soil, along with mass murder of animals. Garrett recalled that the reception was “very negative” and “very hostile”. However, the radical Samoobrona was surprisingly receptive to AWI's message; Lepper agreed that corporate farming poses a moral issue, and called Smithfield Foods farms "hog concentration camps". Samoobrona and AWI settled on a common goal - "protecting farm animals from the cruelties of industrialized farming and defending farmers from being shamelessly robbed by politicians and foreign corporations."

Lepper agreed to make anti-Smithfield lobbying a key plank of his presidential campaign, while also organising protests against Smithfield's expansion into the Polish market. While Lepper only won 3 percent of the popular vote in the 2000 Polish presidential election, he succeeded in setting the stage for Samoobrona's electoral success in 2001 parliamentary elections, and his anti-Smithfield campaigning mobilised Polish farmers against the company. Samoobrona organised a conference together with AWI in May 2000, promoting ecology and alternatives to industrial farming. At the same time, Samoobrona steadily incorporated more ecological and animal welfare themes into its program. Later in 2000, AWI-Samoobrona movement was endorsed by the president of Polish National Veterinary Chamber, Bartosz Winiecki, who recruited Polish veterinarians to the anti-Smithfield coalition. In the end, six thousands Polish doctors of veterinary medicine and twenty thousand veterinary technicians joined the coalition's protests.

Environmental activism of Samoobrona and AWI bore fruit in July 2000, when Polish Minister of Agriculture, Artur Balazs, declared that the government will oppose Smithfield's plans to introduce corporate farming in Poland. Smithfield conceded later that months, announcing that it was abandoning its plans to expand its activities into Poland. Samoobrona's activities proved crucial to bringing about a corporate farming ban in Poland; according to Joe

Bandy and Jackie Smith, "the coalition between AWI and Samoobrona represents one of the successful cases in the emerging global justice movement". For his environmental activism, Lepper was awarded the Albert Schweitzer Medal in 2000. The leader of Samoobrona stated his commitment to animal welfare, stressing that animals must be treated "with respect, dignity and sympathy" and condemning modern meat industry as "concentration camps for animals".

The Albert Schweitzer Medal was awarded to Lepper by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. praised Lepper for “standing up to these bullies” who try to move industrial hog production all over the world, and for Lepper’s efforts

to protect “our environment, human dignity, the dignity of these animals and of future generations.” He also congratulated Lepper “for the successful battle that [he has] waged against this criminal, bullying, outlaw industry.” In 2002, Lepper and AWI organized a four-day tour to Poland by Kennedy, who "exhorted Poles to defend their farms and countryside".

After Samoobrona and AWI carried out its campaign, the image of Smithfield in Poland was tarnished. Samoobrona and AWI sent anti-Smithfield videos to every gmina government in Poland, along with a letter requesting them to deny building permits for Smithfield. This eventually made the Polish Agricultural Property Agency, a government institution, prohibit Smithfield from buying formerly state-owned farms. Farming corporations then shifted its strategy - instead of acquiring PGRs directly, they organized a web of contractual relations among nominally independent Polish companies, which allowed foreign companies like Smithfield to effectively control the farms nevertheless, bypassing the need to have Polish government's permission. In response, Samoobrona broadened its strategy by opposing European integration and the European Union. The 1994 local elections are largely undocumented and were greatly affected by the lack of interest in Polish society, which translated into a very low turnout (33%). Samoobrona along with the Polish Socialist Party avoided forming local coalitions in the election. In the 1995 elections Andrzej Lepper ran for president and gained 1.32% of the votes; in parliamentary elections in 1997, the party took 0.08%. In 2000 Samoobrona organized a campaign of blocking major roads in order to get media attention. Lepper gained 3.05% votes in the presidential elections.

For the 1998 Polish local elections, Samoobrona founded the Social Alliance () together with Labour Union (UP), Polish People's Party (PSL) and the National Party of Retirees and Pensioners (KPEiR). The coalition was mostly focused on protesting austerity and neoliberalism, which aligned perfectly with the main focus of Samoobrona. The coalition aimed to challenge the political dichotomy between post-communist SLD and anti-communist AWS, and was polling well. The coalition had internal conflicts however, as some wings of the PSL were concerned with the radical, far-left character of Samoobrona, whereas Labor Union protested Samoobrona's opposition to the European Union. Nevertheless, the coalition performed well and won 89 seats.

Social Alliance was an unprecedented case of the PSL working together with much more radical Self-Defence, and there was speculation at the time about the possibility of a permanent alliance being formed on its basis, which in the long term could lead to the full unification of political structures representing Polish farmers and the rural population. However, this proposal failed as both parties started strongly competing with each other. In this situation, cooperation was limited to undertaking successive joint initiatives aimed at bringing together and working out common positions by the three largest agricultural trade unions; in June 1998 it was agreed that ZZR "Samoobrona" together with KZRKiOR and NSZZ "Solidarność" RI would work out a common position on the terms of Poland's accession to the European Union.

The coalition also contributed to Samoobrona's rise to relevance. Shortly before the 2001 Polish parliamentary election, there emerged a project of a "Workers' and Peasants' Alliance" () combining Samoobrona and the Polish Socialist Party of Piotr Ikonowicz. More significantly, Samoobrona then gained informal support from the SLD, keen to weaken the PSL, which allowed Samoobrona to play the role of an informal SLD coalition partner in the Sejm and, after the 2002 local elections, also in the provincial assemblies. Although Lepper continued to lavish criticism on SLD politicians, he distinguished the liberal wing associated with Kwasniewski from the democratic socialist group headed by Miller and Oleksy. This allowed Samoobrona to attract a sizable group of left-wing activists, both at the central and local level. After 2001, Lepper went as far as announcing that Samoobrona would become the only party of the socialist left in Poland.

At the end of January/beginning of February 1999, the whole of Poland was paralysed by road blockades and border crossings organised by farmers supporting the party. In addition to an increase in the purchase price of pork livestock, they demanded extensive government intervention in the cereal, meat and milk markets. The agreement concluded with the government on 8 February 1999 only emboldened the head of Samoobrona to further excesses. In June 1999, on the radio in Łódź, Andrzej Lepper called the then government "an anti-Polish and anti-human regime" and Deputy Prime Minister Tomaszewski "a bandit from Pabianice". The prosecution proceedings initiated in this case ended in a failure after less than a year: when Lepper was returning from a trade union congress in India, he was spectacularly arrested after crossing the border in Kudowa (4 April 2000) and then released after three hours. The aforementioned "Workers' and Peasants' Alliance" was to be a 'radical socialist' coalition between Samoobrona, PPS and the National Party of Retirees and Pensioners. PPS's leader Piotr Ikonowicz announced that cooperation with Samoobrona would extend beyond the election campaign, and that all three parties would closely work together to fight capitalist economic reforms. The main concept behind the socialist coalition was almost identical to Samoobrona's goal as a political party - to represent social groups that had been hurt by the capitalist transformation in Poland, which Ikonowicz listed as farmers, workers, pensioners, and students. Samoobrona was very supportive of a joint run with the PPS, and the party already cooperated with the socialist party in the 2000 Polish presidential election, when Samoobrona activists helped collect signatures for the PPS candidate, Piotr Ikonowicz. Lepper proposed PPS first 30 seats on the electoral lists and a possibility to form two separate parliamentary clubs in the Sejm. However, ultimately the Samoobrona-PPS-KPEiR coaliiton did not materialize because of the opposition of the PPS leadership, which considered Samoobrona an inappropriate political partner. After Samoobrona's spectacular performance in the 2001 election, numerous prominent PPS activists defected to it.

The parliamentary elections in 2001 gave the party 53 seats in the Sejm, with 10.5% support, making it the third largest political force. In September 2001, the winner of the election, the social democratic Democratic Left Alliance (SLD), was looking for a coalition partner in order to form a working majority. Because of its left-wing and pro-communist profile, Samoobrona was considered and the SLD leadership almost made the government offer, but eventually the party settled with its old coalition partner instead - Polish People's Party.

Cooperation with SLD

Despite the Democratic Left Alliance (SLD) ultimately deciding against choosing Samoobrona as its coalition partner, Samoobrona initially supported the SLD-PSL government and entered a confidence and supply agreement with it. The SLD also nominated Genowefa Wiśniowska, a member of Samoobrona, as the chair of the Parliamentary Committee on National and Ethnic Minorities. This nomination initially faced backlash because of the radical image of Samoobrona, but after a few weeks Polish media acknowledged that Polish minority groups reported no bias in the committee's work. This improved the image of Samoobrona and downplayed its nationalist reputation. Lepper continued to soften the image of his party in regards to national minorities, and visited the Belarusian Socio-Cultural Association in Białystok where he pledged to allocate additional funds to the Belarusian minority in Poland. He argued that "the development of Belarusian culture in Poland is under threat; in the absence of adequate funding, it has no chance of survival." Samoobrona also had a notably high support amongst the Ukrainian minority in Poland, consistently winning the municipalities in West Pomeranian Voivodeship and Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship where Ukrainians constituted a significant minority or plurality. Samoobrona also spoke for regulation that would allow for easy legal employment of Ukrainian workers in Poland, as well as allow Ukrainian citizens to not require a work permit at all for temporary and seasonal jobs.

Both parties also worked with each other on local levels, and formed coalitions in voivodeship sejmiks. Local leaders emphasized the left-wing outlook of both parties. Samoobrona also hoped to persuade the SLD to soften its pro-European stance, especially on the issue of European integration. In 2003, SLD also supported Andrzej Lepper's candidacy for the parliamentary inquiry committee regarding the Rywin affair; SLD explained that "Samoobrona was, is and will probably remain the SLD's main de facto ally and this is no surprise." Surprisingly, Lepper was also supported by the far-right and anti-capitalist League of Polish Families.

However, later in 2003, Samoobrona rebelled against the SLD and broke both the local coalitions as well as the confidence and supply agreement in the Sejm. Lepper stated that the "SLD presented a different program before the elections, after the elections it started to implement a different program, and today practically nothing remains of both the first one and the other one." Samoobrona accused SLD of betraying its social-democratic principles and did not turn the tide after the previous neoliberal government, continuing austerity and privatization reforms instead. The party also pointed out to the fact that the SLD responded to farmer protests with police forces and suppression, instead of trying to improve the agrarian situation in Poland; Lepper listed "the arrogance of the SLD, the disregard of Samoobrona's program objectives and the brutality of the government towards the protesters" as the main reasons for his hostility towards SLD. In its declaration of terminating the agreement with SLD, Samoobrona leadership in Łódź wrote that it could never work with a party responsible for breaking up farmers' protests. The SLD-PSL government fell shortly after, as the PSL left the coalition after the minister of economy, Jacek Piechota from SLD, abolished custom duties on some food products; PSL and Samoobrona decried this decision as "the nail in the coffin for farmers". SLD then entered a new coalition with the pro-European Labour Union that lasted until 2004.

The involvement of Piotr Tymochowicz's professional image creation company resulted, among other things, in a more attractive appearance for Andrzej Lepper (a solarium tan to mask blushing in moments of nervousness, well-tailored suits). He was also given lessons in rhetoric, eristic and retorting, and his tone of voice was lowered. The Self-Defence candidates appeared in the media wearing distinctive white and red ties, which not only made political identification easier for the voters, but also encouraged them to perceive the party as a strong and cohesive patriotic team. According to contemporary newspapers, election spots of the Lepper movement were also among the best presented in the campaign by all parties. Several Samoobrona members of parliament were subject to criminal investigations on charges ranging from forgery to banditry.

In early 2005, Democratic Party of the Left, a left-wing anti-capitalist that split from Democratic Left Alliance, declared that their former party had "shown that they have nothing to do with the left". In wake of this, the party entered a formal agreement with Samoobrona, together with the National Party of Retirees and Pensioners. Both parties became close allies of Samoobrona, and their activists ran on Samoobrona's electoral list in 2005.

In the government

In the 2005 elections, Samoobrona received a total of 56 seats with 11.4% support. Andrzej Lepper ran for president of Poland in the 2005 election. He received third place and 15% of the vote, a great improvement over his past performances. The second round of the presidential election was then fought between Law and Justice and Civic Platform. The race became focused on socio-economic focused, where Law and Justice started shifting towards the economic left, calling for state intervention in the economy and economic redistribution. Law and Justice argued that it was the state’s responsibility to build provide for the social groups that have become disadvantages in the new capitalist Poland; the party attacked Civic Platform’s flagship policy to introduce a unitary 15 per cent ‘flat tax’, producing an ad criticizing the effects of economic liberalism by showing the contents of a child’s bedroom, a fridge and a pharmacy disappearing. Kaczyński argued that Tusk only represented the interests of the wealthy, and made the election a choice between the Civic Platform’s vision of a ‘liberal’ Poland, which would benefit the wealthy, and the Law and Justice's egalitarian concept of a ‘social’ or ‘solidaristic’ Poland. Law and Justice pleded to implement policies that would help the poor, and made what it called "an offer to the left", stressing its economically left-wing policies. While Lepper was initially skeptical, Kaczyński then pledged to fire Leszek Balcerowicz, the main organizer of the capitalist restoration in Poland, from his position as president of the National Bank of Poland. This convinced Lepper to endorse Kaczyński. In his endorsement of Kaczyński, Lepper argued that left-wing voters must vote against neoliberalism and justified his decision on the basis of Kaczyński's declarations in support of funding social welfare, fighting unemployment and taking a tougher stance towards the European Union.

After the election, Samoobrona would increasingly cooperate with Law and Justice starting in October 2005, given Law and Justice's pivot towards the economic left. The mutual cooperation of Samoobrona with LPR and PiS was initially informal and was based on Samoobrona supporting individual laws and the draft budget for 2006, to move into a more institutionalised phase, based on an agreement referred to as the ‘stabilisation pact’, up to a formal government coalition. Until the coalition was formed in May 2006, both parties supported the main activities of the government and PiS.

Jarosław Kaczyński, being aware of the serious parliamentary crisis, approached all the parliamentary groups in the Sejm, except for the SLD, with a proposal to conclude a six-month agreement - the so-called stabilisation pact, whose signatories would agree, among other things, to support the draft budget law, to keep Jurek of Law and Justice as Speaker of the Sejm and the adoption of a package of strategic laws proposed by PiS. Bearing in mind the complete deadlock in coalition negotiations, the Civic Platform completely rejected the ruling party's proposal, while Self-Defence, LPR and the Polish People's Party were interested in Kaczyński's offer. The first test of credibility for the future PiS partners was the budget vote. On 24 January 2006, the budget law was passed with the votes of the PiS, PSL, LPR and Samoobrona parliamentary clubs. Although the PSL supported the budget law and thus dismissed the vision of an imminent dissolution of the Sejm, it did not participate in further talks with PiS. On the other hand, the League and Self-Defence clearly sought a deeper alliance with this party.

From the very beginning of this cooperation, Samoobrona and LPR demanded that their representatives be included in the security ministries, suggesting that they were the subject of operational activities by these ministries. Further disputes erupted in July 2006 and concerned the government's failure to implement the programme objectives of both parties and the possibility of influencing the appointment of TVP (public Polish Television) staff. August of the same year was marked by personnel disputes concerning the statements of Antoni Macierewicz as Deputy Minister of National Defence and Wojciech Mojzesowicz as Chairman of the Agriculture Committee. Further disagreements, this time over the 2007 budget, erupted in September. This was indicated by the votes during the committee meetings, where Samoobrona unexpectedly supported the opposition's motion to deal with the Credit Unions. In the same month, Self-defence submitted two draft resolutions to the Sejm, which directly attacked PiS. The first one concerned the immediate withdrawal of Polish troops from Iraq, the second one forced the government to debate the advisability of sending a thousand soldiers to Afghanistan. The measure of Samoobrona's potential as an opposition coalition partner was also the vote, together with the opposition, against a project important for PiS to amend the telecommunications law.

Misunderstandings between PiS and Samoobrona became common. First, in August 2006, the leader of Samoobrona announced that he would not support the 2007 budget, which was met by PiS with the announcement of the collapse of the coalition and the possibility of early elections. At the same time, a conflict flared up around Wojciech Mojzesowicz's candidacy for the position of chairman of the agriculture committee. His criticism of Andrzej Lepper's actions as Minister of Agriculture triggered a successful veto by the chairman of Samoobrona. This did not ease the growing crisis, which was increasingly centred around the adoption of the 2007 budget. In September, Lepper's arguments about the need to implement Samoobrona's demands which focused on increasing spending for the budgetary sphere and agriculture, disrupted the cooperation to such an extent that PiS politicians publicly proclaimed their belief in a serious crisis of the coalition. The exclusion of Samoobrona from the coalition became increasingly likely, which finally happened after Lepper was dismissed from the post of deputy prime minister and minister of agriculture on 22 September 2006 after he protested Kaczyński's decision to deploy Polish troops in Afghanistan. This complicated the situation of Jarosław Kaczyński's government and forced PiS to look for a new parliamentary majority. A step in this direction were the talks with the MPs who left the Samoobrona party and the Polish People's Party. The latter did not take the opportunity to join the government, but a new parliamentary group supporting the government was formed: the People's National Movement, consisting of members of the National Parliamentary Circle and former MPs of Samoobrona. Attempts to gain support for Jarosław Kaczyński's government from more and more former members of the Self-Defence party took the form of political corruption involving PiS leaders Adam Lipiński and Wojciech Mojzesowicz, as well as Renata Beger from Samoobrona. The exposure of the politicians' behind-the-scenes activities effectively blocked the government's chances of gaining majority support in this way. Subsequently, the accusation was supported by other females from within the party ranks and the issue of gaining governmental posts in exchange for sex produced a major outcry after Gazeta Wyborcza published the claims. Krawczyk also claimed her then 3-year-old daughter was Stanisław Łyżwiński's child, which proved to be incorrect following DNA testing.

However, the coalition seemed stable until July 2007 - at the beginning of the month, then Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński named Lepper as a person in the circle of suspicion in connection with the so-called "land affair". This concerned a CBA (Central Anti-Corruption Bureau) operation concerning the controlled payment of bribes to two people accused of citing influence in the Ministry of Agriculture. They offered a substituted CBA agent, for a bribe, the de-agglomeration of land in Muntów in the municipality of Mrągowo. The operation ended inconsistently with the CBA's plan, because Lepper cancelled the meetings. It was later alleged that Lepper had been warned about the sting operation. However, at the request of Prime Minister Jarosław Kaczyński, President Lech Kaczyński dismissed Lepper from the post of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Agriculture. This decision marked the end of the coalition. Ultimately the investigation against Kaczmarek was dropped in 2009, putting into question whether Lepper was warned beforehand at all, or if he cancelled the meetings for other reason.

The party's position towards the scandal was that it was a "coup attempt", as the presence of Samoobrona in the government supposedly threatened powerful "interest groups", including corporations controlling large-format shops, investment fund owners, land speculators and property development groups. Lepper also argued that the scandals and investigations started against him were aimed at eliminating competition for Lech Kaczyński for future presidential elections. After unsuccessful attempts of Law and Justice to convince some of the Samoobrona MPs to defect, the PiS-Samoobrona-LPR coalition was officially dissolved on 5 August 2007. Reasons cited were ideological differences between PiS and Samoobrona on fundamental levels.

Downfall

Following the collapse of the ruling coalition, a proposal of a joint front between Samoobrona and right-wing League of Polish Families was born, known as League and Self-Defence (). The Polish abbreviation for this party was LiS ("fox" in Polish), and leaders of both parties brought a plush fox to the press conference, which was shown as the mascot of the new party. However, despite their populist character, LPR and Samoobrona were fundamentally different from each other, as Samoobrona was left-wing and aligned with socialist ideals, while LPR was a National-Catholic, far-right party. Andrzej Lepper himself admitted that the alliance was a bad idea, and argued that the alliance was purely situation and tactical in nature.

The idea of the LiS party was then soon abandoned, and the party doubled down on its left-wing rhetoric, inviting Leszek Miller and the leader of the New Left, Piotr Ikonowicz, to its electoral lists. Despite this, numerous scandals heavily damaged the image of the party, while forming a government with right-wing parties and the LiS caused distrust among the party's overwhelmingly left-wing electorate. As a result, the party gained less than 2% of the popular vote in the 2007 Polish parliamentary election, failing to win any seats and being excluded from government funding.

The last bill proposed by Samoobrona before losing all of its seats in the 2007 election was a proposal from 7 September 2007 to recognize the Silesian language as a regional language of Poland. Along with the MPs of Samoobrona, the bill was also supported by the members of LPR, People's National Movement and the Polish People's Party. However, the Sejm was dissolved on the same day, prompting a snap election. The bill was therefore rejected. After 17 years, the Sejm voted in favor of a bill recognizing Silesian as a regional language in Poland on 26 April 2024. However, on 29 May 2024, the President Andrzej Duda vetoed the bill, claiming that Silesian is not a language and does not deserve its own status.

In November 2007, the regionalist wing of the party seceded and formed Party of Regions, further weakening local structures of the party. Lepper accepted responsibility for the party's electoral defeat and announced an extraordinary congress of Self-Defence in the first half of 2008. Lepper also announced that he did not intend to challenge or clash with the Party of Regions. In party congress, Lepper stressed that Samoobrona's goals from the time when it was a classic protest party, such as the reversal of privatisation processes, had not been realised and were still a political task for the party.

Considering the party's failure, leaders of regional branches of Samoobrona blamed the ill-fated coalition with Law and Justice and League of Polish Families. Paweł Frankowski (1950-2012), the leader of Samoobrona in the Łódź Voivodeship, recalled in June 2008:

Waldemar Chmielak, who was elected one of Samoobrona's councillors to the Masovian Voivodeship Sejmik in the 2002 local elections from Garwolin County, said:

Samoobrona argued that the values of the Catholic Church should be embedded in the Polish education and law; consequently, the party opposed abortion, euthanasia and decriminalization of drugs such as marijuana. As a part of its anti-abortion stance, the party advocated for full protection of life from conception to natural death as a constitutional provision. In 2005, one of demands to President-elect Lech Kaczyński was to add this provision, together with implementing minimum subsistence benefits for the unemployed, abolishing taxes for incomes below the subsistence level, and withdrawing Polish troops from Iraq.

The party also opposed decommunization policies, with both members and supporters of Samoobrona being most opposed to decommunization out of all parties. In October 2002, Samoobrona passed a bill that exempted communist intelligence and counter-intelligence collaborators from lustration (exclusion from civil service positions). This made the party be considered as the "most post-communist" party in Polish politics.

Samoobrona is anti-immigration. Although it has repeatedly been accused of nationalist or even xenophobic tendencies, the party did not devote much space in its public activities to the issue of national and ethnic minorities. The understanding of the nation preferred by the party leaders was not ethnocentric and exclusivist in nature; the national community was treated as "a collectivity constituted by ties of culture, tradition and history, and not by common origin". Lepper argued for the necessity of equal rights for all minorities with other Polish citizens, deeming property claims based on nationality to be unjustified. In 2007, Samoobrona proposed to recognize the Silesian language as an official regional language in Poland.

The party also spoke in favour of gender equality while in the Sejm, although it saw the issue as a purely socioeconomic one. In 2004, Samoobrona's member of parliament Włodzimierz Czechowski said:

upright 2.95|thumb|right|Ideological alignment of 2007 Polish political parties. Both Samoobrona and LPR were far-left on socioeconomic issues, and right-leaning on sociocultural ones.

In regards to electoral law, the party was a staunch supporter of proportional representation. Samoobrona spoke on 2000s attempts to reform the Polish electoral law by right-wing Law and Justice (PiS); in July 2006, PiS submitted the electoral reform to the Speaker of the Sejm - the law introduced blocks of lists in municipalities with over 20 000 inhabitants, with the simultaneous application of the d'Hondt method in the intra-group distribution of votes for seats and the rule that groups of lists which received at least 10% of the validly cast votes could participate in the distribution of seats at all levels of local government elections. This law was criticised for undeservedly favouring the strongest parties of the bloc, giving them a significant over-representation in future councils and assemblies. Despite forming a coalition government with PiS at the time, Samoobrona also opposed this law, and called for abandonment of the D'Hondt method in favour of a more proportional apportionment method; Sainte-Laguë method used in the 2001 Polish parliamentary election was seen as the best and more proportional alternative at the time.

The party was considered to have some disdain for democracy. This was expressed through Lepper's remark that "There's too much talk about democracy - people can see it's only for elites. Only 5% of the population have made any money out of it at the expense of all the others. People have had enough..."

Foreign policy

One of the leading demands of Samoobrona in the field of foreign policy was the demand for its full economisation. This process was to involve a move away from ideological principles to a calculation based solely on estimating the benefits of trade with specific countries. The political assessment of a foreign economic partner was not to be given any importance; the only binding criterion for assessing foreign policy should be the growth of Polish exports and the possibilities for Polish entities to derive financial benefits. Samoobrona opposed integration of Poland into EU and NATO, and instead promoted strong relationship with Russia, Belarus and China.

An additional, complementary field of action for diplomacy was to combat negative stereotypes of Poles in other countries, described by Samoobrona as anti-Polish. According to the party, it should be the duty of Polish diplomats, as well as politicians sitting in the European Parliament, to oppose negative stereotypes and historical falsifications, such as the use of the phrase "Polish concentration camps" in foreign journalism. An important role as ambassador of Polish interests abroad was attributed to the Polish diasporas scattered around the world. It was postulated that Polish diasporas should be covered by state aid and be given the opportunity to return to their homeland. Samoobrona supported a bill providing the possibility for representatives of the Polish minority abroad to obtain Karta Polaka, arguing that the survival of Polish culture and language should be a reason for respect for Poles living abroad. The repatriation operation of Kazakhstan residents of Polish origin also met with the party's support.

Many authors and commentators, both Polish and foreign ones, considered Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland to be a Eurosceptic party. This was due to the party's protectionist and nationalist program, which many commentators considered Eurosceptic by nature. According to some authors, labelling Samoobrona as a Eurosceptic party was legitimate given opinion polls, which showed that in terms of opposition to Poland's accession to the EU, Samoobrona were only slightly less hostile to EU than the LPR voters. However, while for the LPR the issue of European integration was one of the most important ones, in the case of Samoobrona, the issue of EU did not play an important role.

Lepper argued that Samoobrona's criticism of the EU accession was exclusively related to the conditions of Poland's membership in the Union, and not a negation of the purposefulness of integration processes as such. The basis of Samoobrona's position was based on a set of beliefs characteristic of the so-called economic Euroscepticism. The party's declared pragmatism in assessing the consequences of possible membership was characteristic, and the inconsistency of views and assessments on European integration was most likely linked to the existence of diverse attitudes on the issue among both party members and supporters themselves, which became particularly evident after 1 May 2004, when some Samoobrona members became beneficiaries of the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Because of the lack of decisive and conclusive enunciations on Poland's membership in the Union, J. Sielski described the party's position on European integration as "Euro-populist".

The leader of Samoobrona himself preferred to call his stance on Poland's participation in the European integration process "Eurorealism", and directed his criticism of the unfavourable provisions of the Accession Treaty at Polish governments and negotiators rather than European Commission officials. According to Piskorski, given the presence of a number of features which would indeed make it possible to classify the party into the Eurorealist camp (an ambivalent attitude to the accession, the secondary role of this issue in programme pronouncements, variability of rhetoric resulting from the assessment of the mood of the electorate), "such self-identification seems to be largely justified".

The party took a moderately sceptical stance on the introduction of a common European currency in Poland. According to Lepper, accession to the Monetary Union would be advisable only on the condition that Poland achieves a level of economic development similar to that of Western European countries; otherwise, depriving the National Bank of Poland of the ability to shape monetary policy poses a threat to the country's sovereignty in this fundamental area. In addition, it was argued that the price effects of the introduction of the euro would be unacceptable to Polish society. The party's experts argued that the countries that had not decided to join the euro area maintained a higher level of economic development while avoiding the price increases that the introduction of the common currency would have caused.

The party declared its support for the process of further enlargement of the European Union, in contrast to right-wing parties, allowing membership to be granted not only to Ukraine, but also to Turkey. The commencement of negotiations with the latter country was supported by the majority of Samoobrona MEPs, who voted in favour of the relevant resolution. Unlike some right-wing parties, Samoobrona did not make support for a country's EU membership dependent on its cultural face and civilisational affiliation, but only on the fulfilment of formal membership conditions. On the other hand, it declared that the country's admission to the EU should not be at the expense of the funds allocated to Poland, which led R. Czarnecki to conclude that rather unhurried negotiations were necessary.

The participation of Polish soldiers in the NATO operation in Afghanistan was consistently contested by Samoobrona. The main arguments cited were the cost of warfare and the risk of loss of life of Polish soldiers. Samoobrona was very consistently and strongly opposed to the Iraq War. It was the only Polish party which as late as at the turn of 2002 and 2003 (before the invasion began) stated its expression to war. After the invasion of Iraq and the overthrow of Hussein's government, Lepper suggested that the forces of the international coalition should be replaced by peacekeeping formations operating under the aegis of the United Nations. In a petition addressed to then President Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Samoobrona also drew attention to the contradictory nature of the operation in Iraq against international law. It was emphasised that a sovereign country, posing no threat, even potential, to Poland's security, had been attacked. The war in Iraq was described as "aggressive" and constituting a violation of international standards.

The party was also described as pro-Russian, anti-NATO and anti-EU. Describing the party, German political scientist Nikolaus Werz wrote that Samoobrona "rejects globalisation, criticises the free market economy and strikes a protectionist, socialist and nationalist tone. There are also pro-Russian tendencies and a noticeable nostalgia for the People's Republic of Poland. Lepper is an opponent of Poland's membership of NATO and the EU." Marijuš Antonovič wrote that League of Polish Families and Samoobrona were two Polish parties "which did not hide their pro‑Moscow foreign policy views"; Andrzej Lepper was awarded two honoris causa doctoral titles in Russia, and Samoobrona members were invited to Russia by the Russian government for common projects. In its program, Samoobrona also emphasized that it attached particular importance to Polish relations with Russia, and condemned emerging tensions between two countries as an attempt to cut off Poland from trade and make it fall into economic domination of the Western countries. The party's deputy, Bolesław Borysiuk, presented a plan of establishing "Joint Polish-Russian Commission for Trade and Economic Cooperation", which would foster cooperation with Russia at regional level and also establish a joint Polish-Russian bank that would finance trade. In 1999, Samoobrona also protested NATO attacks on Yugoslavia, stating that "NATO rejected the mask of a defence pact and became a gendarme, guarding the interests of international finance". In 2005, Russian philosopher Aleksandr Dugin referred to Samoobrona as "the only pro-Russian party in Poland". Similar conclusion was reached by the Czech political scientist Marek Čejka, who wrote that Samoobrona "was often considered the party in parliament most favourable to the idea of Polish-Russian cooperation." The party was also critical of Americanism and Atlanticism of the Polish government, and promoted friendly relations with China in addition to supporting Russia.

Commenting on the 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, Samoobrona called the Gaza Strip "a strip of shame for the US and for the world". In its 2024 program, the party praised Palestine and Kurdistan, calling them "great nations" that are "constantly fighting for land, territory and the international community is deaf to these efforts."

Religion

Samoobrona strongly emphasised its attachment to Roman Catholicism, particularly valuing the authority of Pope John Paul II; the leader of Samoobrona highlighted his visits to the Vatican, emphasising that he considered the Pope to be a morally unquestionable authority. In numerous party programme documents issued over the course of several years, there were frequent references to the achievements of John Paul II and attempts to interpret Polish socio-economic reality in terms of the pope's proposed ethical standards. In interpreting the Pope's teaching, Samoobrona particularly accentuated those that included criticism of capitalism.

The party was particularly attached to the declaration of Pope John Paul II from 1991, stating: "It is unacceptable to claim that, after the defeat of real socialism, capitalism remained the only model of economic organisation". Samoobrona often repeated and highlighted this quote. The party argued that the downfall of communist Poland was not caused by its socialist economy, but rather by state atheism and its hostility towards the Catholic Church and its social teaching. In the party's program there is a whole series of declarations and sometimes direct references to the concepts proclaimed by Catholic social teaching. In 1995, Lepper declared that "the indications in the Encyclicals of John Paul II, especially in the Encyclical Laborem Exercens, became an inspiration for us in the formulation of our professional and social programmes", lamenting the insufficient presentation of the achievements of Catholic social teaching in the mass media. The social teaching of the Church was to provide an alternative to capitalism and neoliberalism; in this case, reference was made not only to papal encyclicals, but also to the sermons of Cardinal Wyszyński, in which the postulate of Poland's embarking on its own path of social and economic development, resulting from its specific tradition, was found. The party's program from 2003 also stated: "The Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland is guided by the social teaching of the Church and fully shares the indications of the greatest moral authority of our times, Pope John Paul II, contained in his encyclicals".

The party used a lot of religious rhetoric in regards to economic issues, presenting anti-capitalist, anti-liberal, anti-"cosmopolitan" and anti-market ideas. The key foundation of economic ideology of Samoobrona was a combination of socialism with the principles of Catholic social teaching, rejecting capitalism as "fiscal repression and total commercialisation" while also strongly attacking a "reductionist" economic-theoretical approach, typical of the "Anglo-Germanic mentality" and based on the "Protestant dogma of predestination". As a counter-proposal, the party praised "econology", defined as the prioritisation of ecology in economic thinking. The post-1989 socioeconomic situation in Poland was described as "socio-economic satanism" or "economic genocide", and the party manifesto read: "All the tragedies that the Poles are experiencing ... are the consequence of the loss of their own sovereignty and the subordination of the country to foreign interests, as carried out by a group of venal politicians who, thanks to political fraud and by lying to the Polish people, have been able to make their own decisions. are the consequence of the loss of their own sovereignty and the subordination of the country to foreign interests, as carried out by a group of venal politicians who have brought themselves to power thanks to political fraud and by lying to the voters." However, Samoobrona is explicitly socialist and not only sympathises with the former People's Republic of Poland, but openly identifies with its communist form of society and socialist ideals.

Despite its attachment to Catholicism, the party also made statements critical of the church. Lepper deplored the attitude of a part of the Catholic hierarchy, for example by criticising the lack of interest of Primate Józef Glemp in a meeting with the party's delegation. During the transformation period, the Polish bishops were accused of lacking social sensitivity, and of being materialistic and building a financial empire; Lepper went as far as stating that "they value money more than God". Glemp was criticised by Samoobrona for his lack of concern for the fate of Polish farmers, above all in the context of the Primate's statements suggesting support for police interventions against participants of agricultural blockades. Additionally, Andrzej Lepper expressed some understanding for the demands appearing in the 1990s in the circles of secular left for excluding religious instruction from public schools.

Political scientists compared Samoobrona to socialist and far-left movements of Latin America. Paweł Przyłęcki argued that the party "had all the main elements of the populist and socialist policies pursued in Latin American countries, particularly Argentina". One of the elements typical for far-left Latin American political discourse that Samoobrona was seen as incorporating is liberation theology. While conceptually communism was considered incompatible with Catholicism as it disrupted sociocultural traditions that the Church relied on, the relationship of between Catholicism and communist policies was complex and widely differed depending on the attitude of the local regime towards religion. While liberation theology was much less influential in Poland than in Latin America, highly popular Polish Pope John Paul II espoused liberation theology that avoided Marxist language. Gerald J. Beyer wrote in The American Journal of Economics and Sociology that social teaching of John Paul II echoed central points of liberation theology; John Paul II wrote that the Church tradition is “in clear opposition to capitalism as a socioeconomic system as well as a general system of values” and affirmed that despite its flaws, communism correctly recognizes humans as social being while condemning liberalism for seeing humans as “isolated” being who enter into relationships only for “egocentric interests”. While rejecting its atheistic and materialistic characteristics, John Paul II stated that Marxism had a “kernel of truth” regarding the need for common possession of goods and rejection of capitalism as an inherently inhumane and exploitative system. Samoobrona represented a radicalized version of papal teaching, fully endorsing the social teaching of John Paul II on one hand, while praising the communist Polish People's Republic on the other.

On the other hand, the group supported the ratification of the concordat with the Holy See, accepting "the unique position of the Catholic Church vis-à-vis other confessions in Poland". Given the much higher level of religiosity in rural areas, Samoobrona's leaders often appeared at religious ceremonies without political risk and even gained some support, for example on the occasion of the Jasna Góra Harvest Festival. This did not prevent them from criticising those representatives of the Episcopate who were critical of the agricultural protests co-organised by Samoobrona. On the other hand, party politicians emphasised that they boasted the sympathy of a large proportion of parish priests in rural parishes. The party's electorate, according to available surveys, was heterogeneous on issues related to the desirable nature of state-church relations. While it was possible to discern among party sympathisers supporters of limiting the role of the Church as an institution in public life (e.g. those advocating the abolition of the Church Fund), anticlerical sentiments did not turn into attempts to negate the ethical message of the Roman Catholic Church. Besides Samoobrona's invocations of Catholic socialism and 'patriotic socialism', Lepper also made remarks towards green socialism. He stressed the environmentalist character of the party, explaining that he founded Samoobrona "because the spectre of economic and biological doom is staring us in the face". In a 1993 interview, he stated:

Despite its agrarian character, Samoobrona also identified with the green movement, and environmentalists were an important part of Lepper's social and political circle; Samoobrona was founded not only by agrarian trade unions, but a minor Polish green party as well. Party's program promoted the concepts of "eco-development" and "econology", which were described as replacement of consumerism and materialism in favour of "a closer relationship with the natural environment, the preservation of small-scale family farms and a humane treatment of animals". Samoobrona stated that it desired to introduce new ways of thinking into Polish economics that would encompass ecology, social ethics and Catholic morality. Concrete environmentalist proposals included in the party's program were opposition to agroindustrial development and 'intensive farming methods'.

Rafał Soborski listed Samoobrona as an example of an anti-globalization environmentalist movement, using rhetoric aligned with green movements - Samoobrona attacked corporations for pursuing profit-driven policies that are harmful to both the environment and the well-being of the society. Both greens and Samoobrona considered international corporations responsible for global inequality and exploitation, imprisoning "the majority of people in impoverished enclaves [in order to] move production there". This anti-corporation rhetoric also had cultural and nationalist themes, as anti-globalization and ecological movements attacked the progressing "McDonaldization of society" that contradicted and threatened national and local identities. Samoobrona mixed environmentalist undertones with agrarian issues, accusing big companies of destroying Polish farming by flooding the Polish market with foreign, poor-quality products. The party campaigned for expelling foreign capital in Poland in order to protect native farms and local products.

In 1999, Samoobrona entered a coalition with the American-based Animal Welfare Institute against Smithfield Foods, American food company that wanted to enter the Polish market. Samoobrona organised a conference together with AWI in May 2000, promoting ecology and alternatives to industrial farming. At the same time, Samoobrona steadily incorporated more ecological and animal welfare themes into its program. Later in 2000, AWI-Samoobrona movement was endorsed by the president of Polish National Veterinary Chamber, Bartosz Winiecki, who recruited Polish veterinarians to the anti-Smithfield coalition. In the end, six thousands Polish doctors of veterinary medicine and twenty thousand veterinary technicians joined the coalition's protests.

The party connected its environmentalist and anti-globalization cause with other elements of its ideology. Samoobrona highlighted that industrial farming companies have no respect for Polish tradition and way of life, noting that such companies destroy the nests of white storks which are considered a national symbol of Poland. On behalf of Samoobrona, an AWI representative stated: "People never destroy them, they believe if you have a nest, lightning will never strike." Lepper also played on nostalgia towards communist Poland and his party's socialist appeal, stating that the industrial farms of foreign corporations are built off the privatization of state-owned farms, the State Agricultural Farms. These farms collapsed in the early 1990s, which led to very high unemployment in the Polish countryside. Samoobrona decried industrial farming and the corporations introducing it in Poland as "cancer", with Lepper stating that "the company ravages the environment, destroys jobs and traditional society". Lepper criticized the officials of other countries for neglecting environmental causes - in his 1999 Capitol speech, he stated: "I have read Vice President Gore's book on environmental protection, but I can see that he writes one thing and does another." Samoobrona tied its defence of animal rights and Polish small farmers to a larger struggle against international corporations, of which the party wanted trade unionists and environmentalists to also be a part of. Lepper stressed that he "the spokesman for the poor - no longer only the rural poor", and called for a new 'worker-peasant alliance' that would incorporate green politics.

Samoobrona was also supported by and collaborated with many minor environmentalist movements in Poland. It worked together with the Federation of the Greens (), the eco-anarchist Federacja Anarchistyczna, as well as the eco-socialist Anticapitalist Offensive (). Common actions that these movements cooperated with Samoobrona with were anti-globalization as well as animal welfare protests. Polish ecologist journal The Green Brigades () argued that the alliance of Samoobrona and environmentalists should be not seen as "exotic", as "it is the peasants and not the representatives of the McWorld on Poland from the only right parties who are our natural allies". In its statement endorsing the agrarian protests of Samoobrona, Federation of the Greens noted that the economic pressure applied on Polish farmers will exacerbate unemployment and housing shortages as the Polish countryside is already impoverished and lacks access to essential services such as sewerage, well-maintained roads, segregation systems, as well as education and healthcare. It urged environmentalists activists to solidarize with Polish farmers and not "divide trade unions into right and wrong", and to fight climate change and environmental destruction in alliance with the disadvantaged rather than for the "interests of the import lobby".

Election results

Presidential

{| class=wikitable

! rowspan=2|Election year

! rowspan=2|Candidate

! colspan=2|1st round

! colspan=2|2nd round

! Votes

! %

! Votes

! %

! 1995

| Andrzej Lepper

| 235,797

| 1.3 (#9)

| colspan=2 style="background:lightgrey;"|Endorsed Aleksander Kwaśniewski

! 2000

| Andrzej Lepper

| 537,570

| 3.1 (#5)

| colspan=2 style="background:lightgrey;"|No second round

! 2005

| Andrzej Lepper

| 2,259,094

| 15.1 (#3)

|colspan=2 style="background:lightgrey;"|Endorsed Lech Kaczyński

! 2010

| Andrzej Lepper

| 214,657

| 1.3 (#7)

| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;"|Opposed Jarosław Kaczyński while Samoobrona itself attacked President Komorowski for "acting against the Polish national interest."

! 2020

| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;"|

|colspan=2 style="background:lightgrey;"|Endorsed Andrzej Duda

! 2025

| Aldona Skirgiełło

!rowspan="3"| 2005

|rowspan="3"| 1,347,355

|rowspan="3"| 11.4 (#3)

|rowspan="3"|

|rowspan="3"| 3

! 2007

| 247,335

| 1.5 (#5)

| 56

! 2011

| 9,733

| 0.1 (#11)

!2015

|4,266

|0.1 (#15)

! rowspan="2" |2019

|5,448

|0.1 (#20)

| colspan=7|As part of the Action of Disappointed Retirees and Pensioners.

!2023

| colspan=5 style="background:lightgrey;"|

Senate

{| class=wikitable

! Election

! Seats

! +/–

! 1993

| New

! 1997

! 2001

| 2

! 2005

| 1

! 2007

| 3

! 2011

! 2015

! 2019

! 2023

European Parliament

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"

! Election

! Votes

! %

! Seats

! +/–

! EP Group

! 2004

| 656,782

| 10.78 (#4)

| New

| PES / UEN

! 2009

| 107,185

| 1.46 (#7)

| 6

| –

! 2014

| 2,729

| 0.04 (#12)

| 0

| –

|- style=height:3.5em

! 2019

| colspan="5" style="background:lightgrey;" |Endorsed Social Justice Movement

! rowspan="2" |2024

| 260

| 0.00 (#10)

| 0

| –

| colspan="5" |A party member ran on the lists of the Repair Poland Movement.

Regional assemblies

{| class=wikitable

! Election

! %

! Seats

! +/–

! 1994

| 1.3 (#10)

| 32

! rowspan="2" |1998

| 15.1 (#3)

| 57

| colspan=7|As part of the Social Alliance.

! 2002

| 16.0 (#2)

| 12

! 2006

| 5.6 (#5)

| 64

! 2010

| 1.1 (#9)

| 37

! 2014

| 0.3 (#17)

! 2018

| 0.1 (#18)

! 2024

| 0.9 (#8)

Leadership

Andrzej Lepper (1992–2011)
Andrzej Prochoń (2012)
Lech Kuropatwiński (2012–2022)
Krzysztof Prokopczyk (2022–incumbent)

Successors

Samoobrona had a profound influence on Polish politics and the party's populist rhetoric left a permanent mark on Polish political culture. Sociologist Remigiusz Okraska recalled: "Lepper was the sword that kept hovering over the heads of the complacent scoundrels of Warsaw and Krakow and reminded them - and all of us - that another world existed. A world of closed-down state-owned farms, small towns in decay, which are experiencing civilisational decline, closed-down factories, rural and urban poverty, hungry children and vegetating old people. It is largely thanks to him that today even the establishment media have stopped pretending that it is OK, that we are catching up and overtaking Europe, that there are no real, entrenched and growing social problems. Just 15 years ago, the same media only featured 'successful people' and the 'hard-working middle class' and a handful of 'choosing losers'." Similarly, historian Jarosław Tomasiewicz described Samoobrona as "plebeian left, organically growing out of the everyday problems of ordinary people" and a "genuinely popular movement, born of grassroots social struggles and not of ideological inspiration, a movement that did not need to 'stylise' itself and, like the mythological Antaeus of mother-earth, drew its power directly from the people." However, the party gradually eschewed its big-tent character in favour of a radically left-wing outlook, which led to Andrzej Lepper dismissing the nationalist wing of the party and calling for a "worker-peasant alliance" that envisioned Samoobrona cooperating together with other left-wing and post-communist parties. This made the party transition from a protest party to a consolidated, extreme-left party based on economic class rhetoric.

Lepper would call for return to socialism during his 1999 presidential campaign, arguing that it had "not yet reached full maturity". Consequently, the international media came to see Lepper as "Polish Hugo Chávez", comparing and finding similarities with their socialist and populist rhetoric. By 2007, the party was considered to be on the extreme end of left-wing spectrum in Poland. This political and ideological transition, in addition to numerous scandals and conflicting decisions such as party's choice to cooperate with both left-wing (such as SLD and UP) and right-wing (PiS and LPR) parties resulted in multiple conflicts and splits within Samoobrona, with many dissident groups founding their own political parties.

| Polish Peasant Bloc || Polski Blok Ludowy || 2003 || Centrist || Agrarian and centrist faction led by Wojciech Mojzesowicz who left Samoobrona over its perceived turn to the left. The party disbanded in 2004 and joined right-wing populist Law and Justice.

| Self-Defence of the Polish Nation || Samoobrona Narodu Polskiego || 2003 || Right-wing || First long-lived Samoobrona split. Right-wing nationalist wing of the party that declared itself autonomous of the party in 2003 to protest Samoobrona's confidence and supply agreement with social democratic SLD and UP. Registered as a separate party in 2006 and ran an anti-capitalist campaign, but was struck off the ballot for trying to impersonate Samoobrona. Changed its name to "Defence of the Polish Nation" and ran in elections until 2019, and dissolved itself in 2023.

| Polish Reason of State || Polska Racja Stanu || 2003 || Left-wing || Small parliamentary club turned a political party with diverse members. It dissolved in 2005 and most of its members went on to participate in Self-Defence Social Movement.

| Initiative of the Republic of Poland || Inicjatywa Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej || 2004 || Left-wing || Socialist split composed of two Łódź MPs. The party believed that "Samoobrona has a good programme, but it is not being implemented". Never participated in an election and was deregistered in 2010.

| Self-Defence Social Movement || Samoobrona Ruch Społeczny || 2006 || Left-wing || Local agrarian socialist faction within Samoobrona that focused on rural interests, and left the party over a conflict with the regional branch's leader Krzysztof Filipek. Dissolved in 2007 to join Self-Defence Rebirth.

| People's National Movement || Ruch Ludowo-Narodowy || 2006 || Centrist || Parliamentary club of MPs from Samoobrona and League of Polish Families (LPR) that protested the downfall of the PiS-Samoobrona-LPR coalition. It promptly dissolved to join Law and Justice after 3 months of existence. It took its the name from the concept that Samoobrona pursued between 1999 and 2004, "The People's National Bloc" (), that envisioned an anti-neoliberal, economically left-wing coalition between Samoobrona, League of Polish Families, Polish People's Party and Polish Labour Party - August 80.

| Patriotic Self-Defence || Samoobrona Patriotyczna || 2006 || Right-wing || Nationalist party that accused Samoobrona of abandoning its nationalist rhetoric in favour of far-left slogans. It adopted a logo and program very similar to Samoobrona in order to divert its voters in the 2007 election, but it was struck off the ballot in most district and won 0.02% of the vote in total. It disbanded in 2013.

| Self-Defence Rebirth || Samoobrona Odrodzenie || 2007 || Left-wing || With its origins in a Catholic socialist wing of Samoobrona, Self-Defence Rebirth was founded in response to numerous scandals and electoral decline that rocked Samoobrona in 2007, and sought to unite all dissident Samoobrona parties under its banner. Following Andrzej Lepper's suicide in 2011, the party tried to rebuild the movement and described itself as "leftist but deeply religious". After finding itself unable to rekindle the political movement of Samoobrona, it committed itself to rural trade unions and farmers' interests.

| Party of Regions || Partia Regionów || 2007 || Left-wing || Regionalist party highly critical of the centralized nature of Samoobrona. It was highly decentralized and had complex democratic party structures; the party was divided into regional branches highly autonomous of each other, with term-limited authorities elected by secret ballot. It called for decentralization and regionalization of Poland, stressing the importance of promoting and maintaining regional culture and patriotism rather than an 'all-Polish' one. The party had a principled leftist and socialist stance and ran on the party lists of Left Together. It was dissolved in 2017.

| Radical Party of Oleh Liashko || Radykalna Partiia Oleha Liashka || 2010 || Left-wing || Ukrainian party known for its radical populism, combined with fiercely nationalist rhetoric and left-wing positions, especially on economics. While the party itself never referred to Polish Samoobrona nor its legacy, political observers nevertheless note that two parties are very similar, not only through their unique combination of radicalism, agrarianism, nationalism and left-wing populism, but also through political behavior - just like Samoobrona, the Radical Party of Oleh Liashko organizes protests that feature pitchforks as well as destruction of grain, together with radical demands.

| Change || Zmiana || 2015 || Left-wing || A left-wing and anti-capitalist party founded by Mateusz Piskorski, who was a former spokesman of Samoobrona and later became the vice-president of the party. The party is not registered because the Polish court refused to register the party. Zmiana refers to ideas and values very similar to those of Samoobrona, such as socialist patriotism, and it is also considered left-wing, populist and anti-capitalist. The party is controversial for its pro-Russian and pro-Belarusian stances, and is accused of being funded by Russian intelligence. Polish media noted the ideological and cultural similarity of Zmiana to Samoobrona, and dubbed the party "a better Samoobrona on Kremlim money".

| Social Movement of the Republic of Poland || Ruch Społeczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej || 2015 || Left-wing || A grassroots political party formed by the agricultural trade union OPZZ RiOR and led by Sławomir Izdebski, a former Samoobrona member, and Piotr Ikonowicz, a socialist activist who ran on the Samoobrona electoral lists in the 2007 parliamentary election. The party aimed to become a direct successor to Samoobrona. The party's goal was to "fight for the rights of various social groups harmed by neoliberal capitalism". It represented trade unionists, especially miners and farmers, as well as disability rights activists, unemployed, low-income workers and evicted tenants, and its electoral lists were exclusively composed of such groups. However, the party was stillborn by the fact that it only managed to register electoral lists in three districts.

| Peasants' Party || Partia Chłopska || 2018 || Left-wing || Peasant movement party founded by former Samoobrona MPs such as Krzysztof Filipek during the 2018 drought that aspires to be a spiritual successor of Samoobrona. Strictly committed to rural interests, it has an agrarian socialist program very similar to that of Samoobrona. It ran on the party list of social democratic Democratic Left Alliance. Committed itself to rural cooperatives after its failure in the 2019 Polish parliamentary election.

| AGROunion || AGROunia || 2018 || Left-wing || Founded by former member of Law and Justice Michał Kołodziejczak, who gained the reputation of 'second Lepper' by visiting his grave, paying tribute to him and promising to uphold Lepper's legacy in his speeches. It planned to form electoral alliance with Samoobrona in early August 2023, but it eventually chose to join the Civic Coalition instead.

| Self-Defence Rebirth of Andrzej Lepper || Samoobrona Odrodzenie Andrzeja Leppera || 2025 || Left-wing || Founded in Lublin in January 2025 by the members of the pro-Russian Polish Anti-War Movement () Jerzy Andrzejewski and Piotr Panasiuk, as well as Marian Sołyga, former Samoobrona activist. Its founders praised Samoobrona as the only party "that, contrary to the narrative of the post-Solidarity parties, has been vocal about the fact that things are not so rosy in Poland." It is considered a part of a revival of public interest in Andrzej Lepper that started around 2022, with Lepper and his legacy becoming referenced and evoked by mainstream parties as well. The party adopted the same program and goals as Samoobrona, appealing to those unsatisfied with their socioeconomic situation. The party's founder Jerzy Andrzejewski, stated: "People increasingly see that something in our reality is wrong. Roads and cycle paths are being built and foreign companies are building skyscrapers in Warsaw, but at the same time, we have fundamental problems, including depopulation, deindustrialisation and a decline in the level of education, which the government is not solving."

History

Beginnings

Animal welfare activism

Cooperation with SLD

In the government

Downfall

Foreign policy

Religion

Election results

Presidential

Senate

European Parliament

Regional assemblies

Leadership

Successors

Selbstverteidigung