The Scorpaeniformes are a diverse order of ray-finned fish, encompassing species such as the stonefish, lionfish, and sculpins, but have also been called the Scleroparei. It is one of the five largest orders of bony fishes by number of species, with over 1,320.

They are known as "mail-cheeked" fishes due to their distinguishing characteristic, the suborbital stay: a backwards extension of the third circumorbital bone (part of the lateral head/cheek skeleton, below the eye socket) across the cheek to the preoperculum, to which it is connected in most species.

Scorpaeniform fishes are carnivorous, mostly feeding on crustaceans and on smaller fish. Most species live on the sea bottom in relatively shallow waters, although species are known from deep water, from the midwater, and even from fresh water. They typically have spiny heads, and rounded pectoral and caudal fins. Most species are less than in length, but the full size range of the order varies from the velvetfishes belonging to the family Aploactinidae, which can be just long as adults,

One of the suborders of the Scorpaeniformes is the Scorpaenoidei. This suborder is usually found in the benthic zone, which is the lowest region of any water body like oceans or lakes.

There are two groups of the Scorpaenoidei. The sea robins is the first, which are further classified into two families: the sea robins and the armored sea robins. One significant difference between the two families of sea robins is the presence of spine-bearing plate on the armored sea robins which is absent in the sea robins family.

The second group of the Scorpaenoidei suborder is the scorpionfishes, which according to Minouri Ishida's work in 1994 and recent studies, have twelve families. The scorpionfishes are very dynamic in size with the smallest one having a range of 2–3 cm, while the largest have a length of approximately 100 cm.

Classification

The division of Scorpaeniformes into families is not settled; accounts range from 26 to 35 families. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the order as follows:

thumb|[[Setarchinae: Deepwater scorpionfish, Setarches guentheri]]

thumb|[[Sebastinae: Rose fish, Sebastes norvegicus]]

thumb|[[Scorpaenidae: Longspine scorpionfish, Pontinus longispinis]]

Order Scorpaeniformes

  • Suborder Scorpaenoidei
  • Superfamily Congiopodoidea
  • Family Aploactinidae <small>Jordan & Starks, 1904</small> (Velvetfishes)
  • Family Congiopodidae <small>Gill, 1889</small> (Racehorses, pigfishes or horsefishes)
  • Superfamily Pataecoidea
  • Family Pataecidae <small>Gill, 1872</small> (Australian prowfishes)
  • Family Gnathanacanthidae <small>Gill, 1892</small> (Red velvetfish)
  • Superfamily Scorpaenoidea
  • Family Eschmeyeridae <small>Mandrytsa, 2001</small> (the cofish)
  • Family Scorpaenidae <small>Risso, 1827</small> (Scorpionfishes)
  • Suborder Platycephaloidei
  • Superfamily Platycephaloidea
  • Family Bembridae <small>Kaup, 1873</small> (Deepwater flatheads)
  • Family Platycephalidae <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (True flatheads)
  • Family Hoplichthyidae <small>Kaup, 1873</small> (Ghost flatheads)
  • Superfamily Trigloidea
  • Family Triglidae <small>Rafinesque, 1815</small> (Common searobins)
  • Family Peristediidae <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Armored searobins)
  • Suborder Normanichthyiodei
  • Family Normanichthyidae <small>Clark, 1837</small> (the Barehead scorpionfish or mote sculpin)
  • Suborder Zoarcoidei
  • Superfamily Anarhichadoidea
  • Family Anarhichadidae <small>Bonaparte, 1835</small> (Wolffishes)
  • Family Cryptacanthodidae <small>Gill, 1861</small> (Wrymouths)
  • Family Stichaeidae <small>Gill, 1864</small> (Pricklebacks)
  • Family Pholidae <small>Gill, 1893</small> (Gunnels)
  • Superfamily Bathymasteroidea
  • Family Bathymasteridae <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Ronquils)
  • Family Ptilichthyidae <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Quillfish)
  • Superfamily Zoarcoidea
  • Family Eulophiidae <small>H. M. Smith, 1902</small> (Spinous eelpouts)
  • Family Zoarcidae <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (True Eelpouts)
  • Superfamily Zaproroidea
  • Family Scytalinidae <small>Jordan & Starks, 1895</small> (Graveldivers)
  • Family Zaproridae <small>Jordan, 1896</small> (Prowfishes)
  • Suborder Gasterosteoidei
  • Family Hypoptychidae <small>Steindachner, 1880</small> (the Korean Sandlance)
  • Family Aulorhynchidae <small>Gill (1861)</small> (Tubesnouts)
  • Family Gasterosteidae <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (Sticklebacks)
  • Suborder Cottoidei
  • Superfamily Anoplopomatoidea <small>(Quast, 1965)</small>
  • Family Anoplopomatidae <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Blackcod)
  • Superfamily Zaniolepidoidea <small>Shinohara, 1994</small>
  • Family Zaniolepididae <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Combfishes)
  • Superfamily Hexagrammoidea <small>Gill, 1889</small>
  • Family Hexagrammidae <small>Jordan, 1888</small> (Greenlings)
  • Superfamily Trichodontoidea <small>Nazarkin & Voskoboinikova, 2000</small>
  • Family Trichodontidae <small>Bleeker, 1859</small> (Sandfishes)
  • Superfamily Cottoidea <small>Gill, 1889</small>
  • Family Jordaniidae <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small> (Longfin sculpins)
  • Family Rhamphocottidae <small>Jordan & Gilbert, 1883</small> (Grunt sculpins)
  • Family Scorpaenichthyidae <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1898</small>
  • Family Agonidae <small>Swainson, 1839</small> (Poachers and searavens)
  • Family Cottidae <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (Sculpins)
  • Family Psychrolutidae <small>Günther, 1861</small> (Bighead sculpins)
  • Family Bathylutichthyidae <small>Balushkin & Voskoboinikova, 1990</small> (Antarctic sculpins)
  • Superfamily Cyclopteroidea <small>Gill, 1873</small>
  • Family Cyclopteridae <small>Bonaparte, 1831</small> (lumpfishes or lumpsuckers)
  • Family Liparidae <small>Gill, 1861</small> (Snailfishes)

This classification is not settled, however, and some authorities classify these groupings largely within the Order Perciformes as the suborders Scorpaenoidei, Platycephaloidei, Triglioidei and Cottoidei, Cottodei including the infraorders Anoplopomatales, Zoarcales, Gasterosteales, Zaniolepidoales, Hexagrammales and Cottales. These infraorders largely correspond with the superfamilies in the Cottoidei set out in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World.

Timeline of genera

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See also

  • List of fish families

Notes

References