Royal Museum for Central Africa

The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) (; ; ), communicating under the name AfricaMuseum since 2018, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, just outside Brussels. It was originally built to showcase King Leopold II's Congo Free State in the International Exposition of 1897.

The museum focuses on the Congo, a former Belgian colony. The sphere of interest, however, especially in biological research, extends to the whole Congo Basin, Central Africa, East Africa, and West Africa, attempting to integrate "Africa" as a whole. Intended originally as a colonial museum, from 1960 onwards it has focused more on ethnography and anthropology. Like most museums, it houses a research department in addition to its public exhibit department. Not all research pertains to Africa (e.g. research on the archaeozoology of Sagalassos, Turkey). Some researchers have strong ties with the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences.

In November 2013, the museum closed for extensive renovation work, including the construction of new exhibition space, and re-opened in December 2018.

History

International Exposition (1897)

After the Congo Free State was recognised by the Berlin Conference of 1884–85, King Leopold II wanted to publicise the civilising mission and the economic opportunities available in his private colony to a wider public, both in Belgium and internationally. After considering other places, the king decided to have a temporary Seven of them died during their forced stay in Belgium.

File:Affiche exposition coloniale Tervuren.jpg|Poster for the colonial section of the 1897 International Exposition

File:Plan de lexposition coloniale 1897 a Tervuren.jpg|Plan of the colonial section of the 1897 World's Fair in Tervuren

File:Tervuren 1897 salon des grandes cultures.jpg|Wooden structure by in the Hall of the Great Cultures during the exhibition

File:Village congolais - Exposition Tervuren 1897 (album Alphonse Gautier).jpg|The 'Congolese Village' human zoo during the exhibition

</gallery>

Development of the museum

The exhibition's success led to the permanent establishment, in 1898, of the Museum of the Congo (, ), a museum and a scientific institution for the dissemination of colonial propaganda and support for Belgium's colonial activities, and a permanent exhibition was installed in the Palace of the Colonies. A decade later, in 1912, a small, similar museum—the —was opened in Namur. The museum began to support academic research, but due to the avid collecting of the scientists, the collection soon grew too large for the museum and enlargement was needed. Tervuren, which had become a rich suburb of Brussels, was once again chosen as the location of the enlarged museum. The new museum started construction in 1904 and was designed by the French architect Charles Girault in neoclassical "palace" architecture, reminiscent of the Petit Palais in Paris, with large gardens extending into the Tervuren Forest (a part of the Sonian Forest). It was officially opened in 1910, a year after the death of Leopold II, by his successor, King Albert I, and named the Museum of the Belgian Congo (, ).

The following years saw the consolidation and enlargement of the museum's collections. In 1934, the museum's herbarium was transferred to the National Botanic Garden of Belgium (today's Meise Botanic Garden in Meise, Flemish Brabant). In 1952, the adjective "Royal" was added to the museum's name. In preparation for the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58), in 1957, a large building was constructed to accommodate the African personnel working in the exhibition: the (CAPA). In 1960, following the independence of the Congo, the museum's name was changed to its current name: the Royal Museum for Central Africa ( or KMMA, or MRAC, or KMZA).

File:Musée du Congo, Tervuren, Belgium; one of five interior scen Wellcome V0014542.jpg|The interior of the original exhibit in the Palace of the Colonies

File:Algemeens Wereldtentoonstelling van Brussel 1910 - Koloniale Afdeeling Park van Tervueren (imp. E. & H. Mertens).jpg|Poster for the colonial section of the Brussels International Exposition of 1910

File:Homme-léopard (Tervueren).jpg|The museum's Leopard Man statue, from Le Monde colonial illustré (1934)

File:Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale-Portail (1).jpg|Portal of the Royal Museum for Central Africa (Dutch name shown)

</gallery>

Renovation (2013–2018)

By the turn of the millennium, the museum was in need of a thorough renovation. The more than 100-year-old central building was no longer adapted to the needs of a current museum operation. Besides, the permanent exhibition was outdated and its presentation not very critical of the colonial history. A new scenography was thus urgently required. Renamed AfricaMuseum, the museum was reopened on 9 December 2018. Some of the colonial statues once displayed in the museum were moved in 2023 to areas where only guided tours visit.

File:Royal Museum for Central Africa Interior 1.jpg|The interior of the museum in 2011, shortly before its major renovation

File:Tervuren, Royal Museum for Central Africa, renovation (3).jpg|The museum's main building during the 2013–2018 renovation

File:KMMA.JPG|Old museum entrance through the garden with the restored dome

File:Studiedag Familievriendelijk erfgoed (47941725828).jpg|The Great Rotunda in 2019, featuring the artwork New Breath, or the Burgeoning Congo by Aimé Mpane

</gallery>

Buildings

The current AfricaMuseum complex consists of six buildings. The centrally located main building houses the permanent exhibitions. It was built under Leopold II by the French architect Charles Girault. The (CAPA) building, erected in 1957 for the African staff, houses several scientific departments.

Following the museum's complete renovation, a part of the previously scattered archives are now presented in new on-site exhibition spaces. A reception pavilion, newly built in 2016, between the management building and the Palace of Africa, functions as the entrance building. In this building are the ticket offices, cloakrooms, a shop, a restaurant, as well as a picnic area for children. An underground gallery leads from the reception building into the existing museum building. This space is also used for temporary exhibitions. In the museum's enclosed courtyard, a sunken garden with a light shaft was added, bringing light to this underground level. the objects and animals on display in the main building make up less than 5% of the total museum's collection:

The Department of Zoology has over 10,000,000 specimens, including 6,000,000 insects and 1,000,000 fish.
The Department of Geology and Mineralogy holds more than 56,000 wood samples in its xylotheque, as well as 200,000 rock samples and 17,000 minerals.
The Department of Cultural Anthropology can boast of 120,000 ethnographic objects (1,600 of which are in the exhibition rooms). The ethnomusicology collection comprises 8,000 musical instruments, as well as 2,500 hours of recordings of traditional music from sub-Saharan Africa, in particular in Central Africa (Congo, Rwanda and Burundi), of which the oldest dates back to 1910 (wax Edison scrolls). Additionally, more than 500,000 films and photos are kept in the film and photo libraries.
Finally, the Department of History and General Scientific Services manages thousands of historical objects and 350 archives, including some of Henry Morton Stanley's journals. Some of the collections are digitally accessible.

The herbarium collection of the then-Congo Museum was transferred to that of the National Botanic Garden of Belgium in 1934.

File:Statues funéraires Mboma-Africa Museum.jpg|Ntadi (Mintadi) funerary statues, Mboma culture, northern Angola (left) and central Congo (right), late 19th century

File:Receptacle for funeral donations - Ashanti - Royal Museum for Central Africa - DSC06953.JPG|Terracotta receptacle for funeral donations from the tomb of King Prempeh I, Ashanti culture, Ghana

File:Statue emumu Lyembe représentant un lion-Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (1).jpg|Emumu statue representing a lion, made of wood and plant fibres, Lyembe culture, western Congo,

File:Everything passes, except the past (DSCF3558).jpg|Long dugout canoe used by King Leopold III in the Congo and offered by the inhabitants of Ubundu. Installed in the entrance of the renovated museum.

</gallery>

Research

The publicly accessible exhibitions only represent about 25% of the museum's activities. The scientific departments, which represent the bulk of the museum's academic and research facilities, together with the main collections, are housed in the Africa Palace, the Stanley Pavilion and in the CAPA building.

There are four departments:

Department of Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography
Archaeology and prehistory
Linguistics and ethnomusicology
Anthropology and ethnohistory
Department of Geology and Mineralogy
General geology
Mineralogy and petrography
Cartography and photo interpretation
Physical and mineral chemistry
Department of Zoology
Vertebrates (ornithology, ichthyology, herpetology, osteology and mammalogy)
Entomology
Invertebrates non-insects (arachnology, myriapodology, acarology)
Department of History and General Scientific Services
History of the colonial period
Contemporary history
Agricultural and forest economics (geomorphology, laboratory of wood biology)

The museum also maintains a library of some 130,000 titles.

Controversy

thumb|The Congo, I Presume? ([[Tom Frantzen|Frantzen, 1997) in the museum's gardens]]

There has been controversy surrounding the Royal Museum for Central Africa. It had previously been called a museum that "has remained frozen in time".

The resulting, more modern exhibition The Memory of Congo (February–October 2005) tried to tell the story of the Congo Free State before it became a Belgian colony and a less one-sided view of the Belgian colonial era. The exhibition was praised by the international press, with French newspaper Le Monde writing that "the museum has done better than revisit a particularly stormy page in history... [It] has pushed the public to join it in looking into the reality of colonialism." Hochschild himself had a mixed critique of the renovated museum.

Royal Museum for Central Africa

History

International Exposition (1897)

Development of the museum

Renovation (2013–2018)

Buildings

Archives

Research

Controversy

Gallery

See also

References

Bibliography

Issued by the museum

About the museum

About the 1897 exhibition

External links