Romania competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, USSR. 228 competitors, 154 men and 74 women, took part in 135 events in 20 sports.
Medalists
| style="text-align:left; width:72%; vertical-align:top;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Medal
! Name
! Sport
! Event
! Date
|-
| || Toma Simionov and Ivan Patzaichin || Canoeing || C2 1000m ||
|-
| || Nadia Comăneci || Gymnastics || Balance Beam ||
|-
| || Nadia Comăneci || Gymnastics || Floor Exercises ||
|-
| || Sanda Toma || Rowing || Single sculls ||
|-
| || Corneliu Ion || Shooting || Rapid-Fire Pistol ||
|-
| || Ștefan Rusu || Wrestling || Greco-Roman Lightweight ||
|-
| || Vasile Dîba, Nicușor Eșanu, Ion Geanta, and Mihai Zafiu || Canoeing || K4 1000m ||
|-
| || Petre Capusta and Ivan Patzaichin || Canoeing || C2 500m ||
|-
| || Nadia Comăneci || Gymnastics || All-Around Individual ||
|-
| || Emilia Eberle || Gymnastics || Asymmetrical Bars ||
|-
| || Nadia Comăneci, Rodica Dunca, Emilia Eberle, Melita Ruhn, and Dumitriţa Turner || Gymnastics || Team Combined Exercises ||
|-
| || Constantin Alexandru || Wrestling || Greco-Roman Light Flyweight ||
|-
| || Dumitru Cipere || Boxing || Bantamweight ||
|-
| || Valentin Silaghi || Boxing || Middleweight ||
|-
| || Vasile Dîba || Canoeing || K1 500m ||
|-
| || Ion Bîrlădeanu || Canoeing || K1 1000m ||
|-
| || Anghelache Donescu, Petre Rosca and Durnitru Velicu || Equestrian || Dressage Team ||
|-
| || Melita Ruhn || Gymnastics || Side Horse Vault ||
|-
| || Melita Ruhn || Gymnastics || Uneven Bars ||
|-
| || Ştefan Birtalan, Iosif Boros, Adrian Cosma, Cezar Draganita, Marian Dumitru, Cornel Durau, Alexandru Fölker, Claudiu Eugen Ionescu, Nicolae Munteanu, Vasile Stinga, Lucian Vasilache, Neculai Vasilca, Radu Voina, and Maricel Voinea || Handball || Team Competition ||
|-
| || Olga Homeghi and Valeria Răcilă || Rowing || Double Sculls ||
|-
| || Angelica Aposteanu, Elena Bondar, Florica Bucur, Maria Constantinescu, Elena Dobrițoiu, Rodica Frintu, Ana Iliuță, and Marlena Zagoni-Predescu || Rowing || Eights ||
|-
| || Marius Cata-Chitiga, Valter-Corneliu Chifu, Laurentiu Dumanoiu, Günther Enescu, Dan Girleanu, Sorin Macavei, Corneliu Oros, Neculae Vasile Pop, Constantin Sterea, and Nicu Stoian || Volleyball || Team Competition ||
|-
| || Petre Dicu || Wrestling || Greco-Roman Light Heavyweight ||
|-
| || Vasile Andrei || Wrestling || Greco-Roman Heavyweight ||
|}
| style="text-align:left; width:23%; vertical-align:top;"|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; float: right;"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by sport
|-align=center
|Sport
| bgcolor=#f7f6a8 |
| bgcolor=#dce5e5 |
| bgcolor=#ffdab9 |
|Total
|-align=center
|Boxing
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
| 2
|-align=center
|Canoeing
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |1
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |2
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
| 5
|-align=center
|Equestrian
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |1
| 1
|-align=center
|Gymnastics
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |2
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |3
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
| 7
|-align=center
|Handball
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |1
| 1
|-align=center
|Rowing
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |1
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
| 3
|-align=center
|Shooting
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |1
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |0
| 1
|-align=center
|Volleyball
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |0
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |0
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |1
| 1
|-align=center
|Wrestling
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |1
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |1
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |2
| 4
|-align=center
!Total
! style="background:gold;" |6
! style="background:silver;" |6
! style="background:#c96;" |13
!25
|}
{| class="wikitable" border="1" style="font-size:85%; float:right"
|-
!colspan=5|Medals by gender
|-align=center
|Gender
| bgcolor=#F7F6A8 |
| bgcolor=#DCE5E5 |
| bgcolor=#FFDAB9 |
|Total
|-align=center
|Male
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |
|
|-align=center
|Female
| style="background:#F7F6A8;" |
| style="background:#DCE5E5;" |
| style="background:#FFDAB9;" |
|
|-align=center
!Total
! style="background:gold;" |6
! style="background:silver;" |6
! style="background:#c96;" |13
!25
|}
Archery
In its first appearance at the Olympic archery competition, Romania was represented by two men and two women. The best result for the nation was earned by Aurora Chin, at 13th place.
Women's Individual Competition:
- Aurora Chin – 2319 pts (→ 13th place)
- Terezia Preda – 2195 pts (→ 24th place)
Men's Individual Competition:
- Andrei Berki – 2389 pts (→ 15th place)
- Mihai Birzu – 2280 pts (→ 25th place)
Athletics
Men's 10,000 metres
- Ilie Floroiu
:* Heat — 29:03.1
:* Final — 28:16.3 (→ 10th place)
Men's 400 m Hurdles
- Horia Toboc
:* Heat — 50.89
:* Semifinals — 50.58
:* Final — 49.84 (→ 6th place)
Men's 3,000 m Steeplechase
- Vasile Bichea
:* Heat — 8:35.4
:* Semifinals — 8:24.3
:* Final — 8:23.9 (→ 9th place)
- Paul Copu
:* Heat — 8:45.6
:* Semifinals — 8:45.0 (→ did not advance)
- Nicolae Voicu
:* Heat — 8:49.0 (→ did not advance)
Men's High Jump
- Adrian Proteasa
:* Qualification — 2.21 m
:* Final — 2.21 m (→ 7th place)
- Sorin Matei
:* Qualification — 2.21 m
:* Final — 2.18 m (→ 13th place)
Men's Discus Throw
- Iosif Nagy
:* Qualification — 59.34 m (→ did not advance, 14th place)
Women's 800 metres
- Doina Melinte
:* Heat — 2:01.9
:* Semifinals — 2:00.8 (→ did not advance)
- Fiţa Lovin
:* Heat — 2:00.2
:* Semifinals — 1:59.2 (→ did not advance)
Women's 1,500 metres
- Maricica Puică
:* Heat — 4:01.7
:* Final — 4:01.3 (→ 7th place)
- Ileana Silai
:* Heat — 4:04.7
:* Final — 4:03.0 (→ 8th place)
- Natalia Mărășescu
:* Heat — 4:05.9
:* Final — 4:04.8 (→ 9th place)
Women's High Jump
- Cornelia Popa
:* Qualification — 1.88 m
:* Final — 1.88 m (→ 8th place)
Women's Discus Throw
- Florenţa Ţacu
:* Qualification — 60.40 m
:* Final — 64.38 m (→ 6th place)
Women's Javelin Throw
- Éva Ráduly-Zörgő
:* Qualification — 63.84 m
:* Final — 64.08 m (→ 7th place)
Boxing
Men's Light Flyweight (48 kg)
- Dumitru Şchiopu
:* First Round — Defeated Adel Hammoude (Syria) after knock-out in second round
:* Second Round — Defeated Antti Juntumaa (Finland) on points (4-1)
:* Quarter Finals — Lost to Li Byong-Uk (North Korea) on points (4-1)
Men's Flyweight (51 kg)
- Daniel Radu
:* First Round — Bye
:* Second Round — Defeated Keith Wallace (Great Britain) on points (4-1)
:* Quarter Finals — Lost to János Váradi (Hungary) on points (1-4)
Men's Bantamweight (54 kg)
- Dumitru Cipere → Bronze Medal
:* First Round — Defeated Mario Behrendt (East Germany) on points (5-0)
:* Second Round — Defeated Lucky Mutale (Zambia) on points (5-0)
:* Third Round — Defeated Ryszard Czerwinski (Poland) on points (5-0)
:* Quarter Finals — Defeated Samson Khachatrian (Soviet Union) on points (4-1)
:* Semi Finals — Lost to Bernardo Piñango (Venezuela) on points (2-3)
Men's Featherweight (57 kg)
- Titi Cercel
:* First Round — Bye
:* Second Round — Defeated Róbert Gönczi (Hungary) on points (5-0)
:* Third Round — Lost to Adolfo Horta (Cuba) on points (0-5)
Men's Lightweight (60 kg)
- Florian Livadaru
:* First Round — Defeated Tadesse Haile (Ethiopia) after disqualification in third round
:* Second Round — Defeated Sean Doyle (Ireland) after referee stopped contest in first round
:* Quarter Finals — Lost to Kazimierz Adach (Poland) after referee stopped contest in third round
Men's Light-Welterweight (63,5 kg)
- Simion Cuçov
:* First Round — Lost to Serik Konakbaev (Soviet Union) on points (0-5)
Men's Heavyweight (+ 81 kg)
- Teodor Pîrjol
:* First Round — Lost to Francesco Damiani (Italy) on points (1-4)
Canoeing
Cycling
Three cyclists represented Romania in 1980.
;Individual road race
- Mircea Romaşcanu
- Teodor Vasile
- Stan Nicolae
Diving
Men's Springboard
- Alexandru Adrian Bagiu
:* Preliminary round — 427.35 points (→ 23rd place, did not advance)
Equestrian
Fencing
18 fencers, 13 men and 5 women, represented Romania in 1980.
;Men's foil
- Petru Kuki
- Mihai Ţiu
- Tudor Petruş
;Men's team foil
- Petru Kuki, Mihai Ţiu, Sorin Roca, Tudor Petruş
;Men's épée
- Ioan Popa
- Anton Pongratz
- Octavian Zidaru
;Men's team épée
- Ioan Popa, Octavian Zidaru, Anton Pongratz, Costică Bărăgan
;Men's sabre
- Cornel Marin
- Ioan Pop
- Marin Mustaţă
;Men's team sabre
- Ioan Pop, Marin Mustaţă, Cornel Marin, Ion Pantelimonescu, Alexandru Nilca
;Women's foil
- Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic
- Marcela Moldovan-Zsak
- Suzana Ardeleanu
;Women's team foil
- Ecaterina Stahl-Iencic, Marcela Moldovan-Zsak, Viorica Ţurcanu, Suzana Ardeleanu, Aurora Dan
Gymnastics
Handball
;Men's team competition
- Preliminary round (Group B)
:* Defeated Kuwait (32-12)
:* Defeated Algeria (26-18)
:* Lost to Yugoslavia (21-23)
:* Defeated Soviet Union (22-19)
:* Defeated Switzerland (18-16)
- Classification Match
:* Bronze Medal Match: Defeated Hungary (20-18) → Bronze Medal
- Team Roster
:* Nicolae Munteanu
:* Marian Dumitru
:* Iosif Boros
:* Maricel Voinea
:* Vasile Stîngă
:* Radu Voina
:* Cezar Draganita
:* Cornel Durau
:* Ştefan Birtalan
:* Alexandru Fölker
:* Neculai Vasilca
:* Lucian Vasilache
:* Adrian Cosma
:* Claudiu Eugen Ionescu
Judo
Modern pentathlon
Three male pentathletes represented Romania in 1980.
Men's Individual Competition:
- Dumitru Spîrlea — 5058 pts, 22nd place
- Gyula Galovici — 4,935 pts, 27th place
- Cezar Răducanu — 4,397 pts, 41st place
<br>
Men's Team Competition:
- Spîrlea, Câllovits, and Râducanu — 14,390 pts, 11th place
Rowing
Sailing
;Open
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan=7|Race
!rowspan=2|Net points
!rowspan=2|Final rank
|- style="font-size:95%"
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
|- align=center
|align=left|Mihai Butucaru
|align=left|Finn
|10
|<s>19</s>
|18
|10
|13
|19
|8
|114.0
|15
|- align=center
|align=left|Mircea Carp<br/>Adrian Arendt
|align=left|Flying Dutchman
|12
|12
|13
|11
|13
|<s>14</s>
|13
|110.0
|13
|- align=center
|align=left|Andrei Chjliman<br/>Catalin Luchian
|align=left|Tornado
|10
|<s>11</s>
|11
|10
|11
|9
|11
|98.0
|11
|}
Shooting
;Open
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Final
|-
!Score
!Rank
|-
|rowspan=1|Mircea Ilca
||50 metre rifle prone
| style="text-align:center;"|596
| style="text-align:center;"|11
|-
|Corneliu Ion
||25 m rapid fire pistol
| style="text-align:center;"|596+148
| style="text-align:center;"|16x16px
|-
||Daniel Iuga
||50 m pistol
| style="text-align:center;"|555
| style="text-align:center;"|17
|-
|Marin Stan
||25 m rapid fire pistol
| style="text-align:center;"|595
| style="text-align:center;"|7
|-
|Ioan Toman
||Skeet
| style="text-align:center;"|192
| style="text-align:center;"|22
|}
Swimming
Women's 100 m Breaststroke
- Brigitte Prass
:* Heats — 1:15.10 (→ did not advance)
Women's 400m Individual Medley
- Irinel Panulescu
:* Heats — 5:07.74 (→ did not advance)
- Mariana Paraschiv
:* Heats — 5:04.56 (→ did not advance)
Volleyball
;Women's Team Competition
- Preliminary round (Group B)
:* Lost to Bulgaria (1-3)
:* Defeated Hungary (3-2)
:* Defeated Brazil (3-2)
- Classification Matches
:* 5th/8th place: Lost to Peru (0-3)
:* 7th/8th place: Lost to Brazil (0-3) → 8th place
- Team Roster
:* Mariana Ionescu
:* Gabriela Coman
:* Doina Savoiu
:* Victoria Georgescu
:* Ileana Dobroschi
:* Victoria Banciu
:* Irina Petculet
:* Crina Georgescu
:* Iuliana Enescu
:* Ioana Liteanu
:* Corina Crivat
:* Elena Piron
;Men's Team Competition
- Preliminary round, Group B
:* Defeated Libya 3-0 (3, 1, 1)
:* Lost to Poland 1-3 (9,-12, -13, -13)
:* Defeated Brazil 3-1 (-11, 4, 12, 3)
:* Defeated Yugoslavia 3-1 (9, -14, 8, 12)
- Semi-final
:* Lost to Soviet Union 0-3 (-6, -10, -5)
- Bronze Medal Match
:* Defeated Poland 3-1 (10, -9, 13,9) (→ 16x16px Bronze Medal)
- Team Roster
:* Corneliu Oros
:* Laurențiu Dumănoiu
:* Dan Gîrleanu
:* Nicu Stoian
:* Sorin Macovei
:* Constantin Sterea
:* Neculae Pop
:* Günther Enescu
:* Corneliu Chifu
:* Marius Căta-Chițiga
:* Florin Mina
:* Viorel Manole
Water polo
;Men's team competition
- Preliminary round (Group B)
:* Drew with Hungary (6-6)
:* Defeated Greece (6-4)
:* Lost to Netherlands (3-5)
- Final Round (Group B)
:* Lost to Italy (3-5)
:* Drew with Australia (4-4)
:* Defeated Sweden (8-3)
:* Defeated Bulgaria (10-6)
:* Defeated Greece (11-8) → 9th place
- Team Roster
:* Doru Spînu
:* Vasile Ungureanu
:* Dorin Viorel Costras
:* Adrian Nastasiu
:* Dinu Popescu
:* Claudiu loan Rusu
:* Ilie Slâvei
:* Liviu Râducanu
:* Viorel Rus
:* Adrian Schervan
:* Florin Slâvei