Roman Vishniac (; ; August 19, 1897 – January 22, 1990) was a Russian-American photographer, best known for capturing on film the culture of Jews in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. A major archive of his work was housed at the International Center of Photography until 2018, when Vishniac's daughter, Mara Vishniac Kohn, donated it to The Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life at the University of California, Berkeley.

Vishniac was a versatile photographer, an accomplished biologist, an art collector and teacher of art history. He also made significant scientific contributions to photomicroscopy and time-lapse photography. Vishniac was very interested in history, especially that of his ancestors, and strongly attached to his Jewish roots; he was a Zionist later in life.

Roman Vishniac won international acclaim for his photos of shtetlach and Jewish ghettos, celebrity portraits, and microscopic biology. His book A Vanished World, published in 1983, made him famous and is one of the most detailed pictorial documentations of Jewish culture in Eastern Europe in the 1930s. the images and accompanying documents comprising ICP's "Roman Vishniac Rediscovered" traveling exhibition.

In October 2018, Kohn donated the Vishniac archive of an estimated 30,000 items, including photo negatives, prints, documents and other memorabilia that had been housed at ICP to The Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life, a unit of the University of California at Berkeley's library system.

Biography

Early life

Vishniac was born in his grandparents' dacha outside Saint Petersburg, in the town of Pavlovsk, and grew up in Moscow. To live in this city was a right granted to few Jews but the Vishniac family lived there because Solomon Vishniac, Roman's father, was a wealthy manufacturer of umbrellas, and his mother, Manya<!-- Alexandroff-->, was the daughter of affluent diamond dealers. Vishniac also had a sister, Katja. During the summer months, the Vishniac family left Moscow, as it became uncomfortably hot, and they retreated to a dacha a few miles outside the city.

As a child, Vishniac was fascinated by biology and photography, and his room was filled with "plants, insects, fish and small animals". On his seventh birthday, he got a microscope from his grandmother, to which he promptly hooked up a camera, and by which he photographed the muscles in a cockroach's leg at 150 times magnification. Young Vishniac used this microscope extensively, viewing and photographing everything he could find, from dead insects to animal scales, to pollen and protozoa. Beginning in 1914, he spent six years at the Shanyavsky Moscow City People's University (now Russian State University for the Humanities) in Moscow. At the institute he studied zoology. In his free time, he studied Far Eastern Art at the University of Berlin<!--Maybe completed doctoral studied and not given degree, but Mara denies this-->. Vishniac researched endocrinology and optics, and did some photography (see right). In Berlin

he often gave lectures on naturalism. Vishniac developed and printed these pictures in his darkroom in his Berlin apartment. Further trips to Eastern Europe were undertaken between 1935 and 1938, again at the behest of the JDC.

New York

thumb|upright|1942 portrait of [[Albert Einstein by Roman Vishniac. This is one of the best-known examples of his 1940s portraiture work. Taken in Princeton, NJ.]]

The Vishniac family fled from Lisbon to New York City in 1940, He managed to do some portraiture work with mostly foreign clients; but business was poor. It was during this time, in 1942, that he took one of his most celebrated portraits, that of Albert Einstein. He arrived at Einstein's home in Princeton, New Jersey, getting into the scientist's study with the ruse of bringing regards from mutual friends in Europe, and photographed him while the scientist was not paying attention to him, occupied in thought. Einstein later called this portrait his favourite.

In 1946, Vishniac divorced Luta, and the next year he married Edith Ernst, an old family friend. A few years later, he gave up portraiture and went on to do freelance work in the field of photomicroscopy. he wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt (First Lady at the time), asking her to visit the exhibit, but she did not. He also sent some of his photographs to the President, for which he was politely thanked.

Of the 16,000 photographs taken in Eastern Europe by Vishniac, only 2,000 reached America. Most of these negatives were carefully hidden by Vishniac and his family; others were smuggled in by Vishniac's good friend Walter Bierer through Cuba. In his seventies and eighties, Vishniac became "Chevron Professor of Creativity" at Pratt Institute (where he taught courses on topics such as the philosophy of photography Items in his collection included a 14th-century Buddha, Chinese tapestries, Japanese swords, various antique microscopes, valued old maps and venerable books. He taught Oriental and Russian art, general philosophy and religion in science, specifically Jewish topics, ecology, numismatics, photography and general science at City University of New York, Case Western Reserve University before his death from colon cancer on January 22, 1990.

<!--:For a convenient timeline of Roman Vishniac's life, see page 95 of Roman Vishniac published by ICP

While touring Europe, Vishniac posed as a traveling fabric salesman, seeking aid where he could and bribing anyone who got in his way. During his touring of Eastern Europe (1935–1939), he was often arrested by police for taking these pictures, sometimes because he was thought to be spying.<!--(Jews were not allowed to take pictures or even carry cameras).--> <!--Vishniac sometimes developed his film in Berlin, other times he was forced to do it out on the countryside, in rivers of the Carpathian Mountains on moonless nights (refuted by Mara)--> To photograph small villages in these mountains, Vishniac claimed he carried heavy equipment (Leica, Rolleiflex, movie camera, tripods), 115&nbsp;pounds (52 kilograms) by his estimate, on his back, up steep roads, trekking many miles. peeking out through an enlarged button hole of his coat,--> <!--This Leica was acquired through a non-Jewish friend, but he had to give the camera back often (the police were trying to make sure that no Jews were using the camera, and they usually checked with his friend in the evenings).-->

When using a Leica for indoor shots, Vishniac sometimes brought a kerosene lamp (visible in some of his work) if there was insufficient light, keeping his back to a wall for support, and holding his breath. he escaped by jumping from the second floor at night and creeping away, avoiding broken glass and barbed wire. These photos were sent to the League of Nations in Geneva to prove the existence such camps. and a book of the photos was published.

Style

Vishniac's photographs from the 1930s are all of a very distinct style; they are all focused on achieving the same end: capturing the unique culture of Jewish ghettos in Eastern Europe, especially the religious and impoverished. Gene Thornton, writer for The New York Times, called them "somber with poverty and with the gray light of European Winter".

thumb|The Only Flowers of her Youth, [[Warsaw, 1938 by Roman Vishniac, one of his most famous]]

thumb|The exhibition of Roman Vishniac's photos at Amsterdam Jewish Historical Museum, 2014

These pictures, all in black and white, were done with available light or sometimes a lantern, Indeed, "There is a grainy realism to Vishniac's photographic style. We can almost finger the coarse textures of coats and shawls; the layers of fabric worn by the people seem more related to tree bark than to the well-pressed wool suit worn by an occasional elegant passerby."

For this work, Roman Vishniac has received the Memorial Award of the American Society of Magazine Photographers in 1956. A Vanished World has won the National Jewish Book Award in the visual arts category in 1984; The Only Flowers of her Youth was deemed "most impressive" at the International Photographic Exhibition in Lucerne in 1952; and the Grand Prize for Art in Photography, New York Coliseum.

Criticism

There has been criticism of Vishniac's work, focusing on the lack of diversity of his subjects in his work from Eastern Europe and quality of his composition. It has been argued that he should have also photographed wealthier Jews, in addition to the poor Jews in ghettos. Thornton criticized his photographs for their unprofessional qualities, citing "errors of focus and accidents of design, as when an unexplained third leg and foot protrudes from the long coat of a hurrying scholar."

<!-- some really good quotes are necessary here: 'just because they're small doesn't mean they don't deserve respect'; 'how would you like to be taken away from your house. he puts them in exact pond'-->

Publications

{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"

|-

! style="width:6%;"| Year

! style="width:27%;"| Title

! style="width:45%;"| Notes

! style="width:4%;"| Source

|- valign=top

|1947

|Polish Jews: A Pictorial Record

|Polish Jews showcased 31 images of the life and character of these people "stressing the spiritual side of the subjects' lives and ... it did not include any of the pictures [Roman Vishniac] took to emphasize the economic struggle in which the Jews were engaged.";

|-

|1955

|Spider, Egg and Microcosm: Three Men and Three Worlds of Science

|Published by Eugene Kinkead; The three men were Petrunkevitch, Romanoff and Vishniac

|

|-

|1957

|Mushrooms (Nature Program)

|Prepared with the cooperation of the National Audubon Society; Published by N. Doubleday

|

|-

|1959

|Living Earth

|Drawings by Louise Katz; Subject: Soil biology

|

|-

|1969

|A Day of Pleasure: Stories of a Boy Growing Up in Warsaw

|Written by Isaac Bashevis Singer

|

|-

|1971

|Building Blocks of Life: Proteins, Vitamins, and Hormones Seen Through the Microscope

|Published by Charles Scribner's Sons

|

|-

|1985

|Roman Vishniac

|by Darilyn Rowan, published at Arizona State University School of Art.

|

|-

|1993

|To Give them Light: The Legacy of Roman Vishniac

|Biographical note by Mara Vishniac Kohn, edited by Marion Wiesel

|

|-

|1999

|Children of a Vanished World

|Edited by Mara Vishniac Kohn and Hartman Flacks

|

|-

|2015

|Roman Vishniac Rediscovered

|Edited by Maya Benton for International Center of Photography

|

|}

:For a more complete list of publications by and about Roman Vishniac, see pages 94 and 95 of Roman Vishniac published by ICP<br />

|-

|2013–2016

|International Center of Photography, New York City, Museum of Art Fort Lauderdale, Jewish Historical Museum, Amsterdam, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme, Paris, Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Warsaw, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco

|Title: "Roman Vishniac Rediscovered"; Retrospective exhibition of Vishniac's entire body of work including previously unseen work.

|

|-

|2020–present

|The Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life, University of California, Berkeley

|Title: "An Archive of Archives: Roman Vishniac’s Exhibition History | New York, 1971-72"

|

|}

Documentaries

{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"

|-

! style="width:6%;"| Year

! style="width:33%;"| Name

! style="width:36%;"| Director

! style="width:8%;"| Source

|- valign=top

|2023

|VISHNIAC (2023)

|Laura Bialis

|

|-

|}

See also

thumb|upright|Later model of the [[Rolleiflex camera such as was used by Vishniac in Eastern Europe]]

Organizations

  • International Center of Photography
  • American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee — Originally commissioned Vishniac's trips to Eastern Europe.
  • The Magnes Collection of Jewish Art and Life — Owner of the copyrights of the Roman Vishniac Archive.

Photography

  • Time-lapse — Technique pioneered by Vishniac.
  • Documentary photography

People

  • Wolf V. Vishniac — Son, microbiologist, died in 1973 during an Antarctic expedition.
  • Ethan Vishniac — Grandson of Roman, son of Wolf, editor of the Astrophysical Journal.
  • Mark Vishniak – First cousin, politician, lawyer, historian, editor Time Magazine.
  • Cornell Capa — Founder of ICP.
  • Alter Kacyzne — A contemporary of Vishniac's, who photographed similar subjects. He was murdered in a Ukrainian pogrom in 1941.

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  • Henri Cartier-Bresson
  • Semyon An-sky
  • Solomon Yudovin
  • Lawrence Salzman
  • Edward Serotta
  • Frederic Brenner
  • Szymon Zajczyk
  • Loszlo Regos

-->

References

Further reading

  • Newhouse, Alana. A Closer Reading of Roman Vishniac – NYTimes.com www.nytimes.com 2010/04/04.
  • "His Vanished (or Manipulated?) World, Roman Vishniac Show at International Center of Photography," by Ken Johnson, The New York Times, April 4, 2013
  • Fisher, Craig. Roman's Legions: A multi-media presentation of how Dr. Vishniac makes the invisible visible, produced by Craig Fisher of the Fisher Film Group.
  • Kinkead, Eugene. "The Tiny Landscape". The New Yorker July 2 and 9, 1955.
  • "Dr. Vishniac and the Beauty of the Real". Kodak International Review – No. 9
  • ICP Library of Photographers. Roman Vishniac. Grossman Publishers, New York. 1974.
  • Roman Vishniac remembered UJA Federation of Hamilton accessed April 18, 2010
  • "Roman Vishniac Rediscovered". Edited by Maya Benton International Center of Photography, New York 2015, DelMonico Books
  • Roman Vishniac Archive at International Center of Photography
  • Interview with Roman's grandson
  • The Howard Greenberg Gallery Includes gallery of 31 of Roman Vishniac's photographs.
  • Every Vishniac Webpage of Ephraim Vishniac, Roman's grandson, detailing the family tree of the Vishniacs'.
  • University of South Carolina Newsfilm Library Collection of Roman Vishniac's Scientific Imaging: 100 images
  • VISHNIAC - A film by Laura Bialis