Robert Recorde () was a Welsh physician and mathematician. He invented the equals sign (=) and also introduced the pre-existing plus (+) and minus (−) signs to English speakers in 1557.

Biography

Born around 1510, Robert Recorde was the second and last son of Thomas and Rose Recorde of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, in Wales.

Recorde entered the University of Oxford about 1525, and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College there in 1531. Having adopted medicine as a profession, he went to the University of Cambridge to take the degree of M.D. in 1545. He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught mathematics, as he had done prior to going to Cambridge. He invented the "equals" sign, which consists of two horizontal parallel lines, stating that no two things can be more equal. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and acted as physician to King Edward VI and to Queen Mary, to whom some of his books are dedicated. He was also controller of the Royal Mint and served as Comptroller of Mines and Monies in Ireland. After being sued for defamation by a political enemy, he was arrested for debt and died in the King's Bench Prison, Southwark, by the middle of June 1558.

Publications

thumb|350px|The first known equation, equivalent to in modern notation, from [[The Whetstone of Witte. (The solution is x = 4)]]

thumb|350px|Recorde's introduction of the [[equals sign in The Whetstone of Witte, "to avoid tedious repetition".]]

Recorde published several works upon mathematical and medical subjects, chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and scholar, such as the following:

  • The Grounde of Artes, teachings the Worke and Practise, of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions (1543),
  • A medical work, The Urinal of Physick (1548), frequently reprinted.

Most of those works were written in the form of a catechism.

Several books whose authors are unknown have been attributed to him: Cosmographiae isagoge, De Arte faciendi Horologium and De Usu Globorum et de Statu temporum.

See also

  • Equality
  • Equation
  • History of mathematical notation
  • St. Mary's Church, Tenby
  • Welsh mathematicians
  • Zenzizenzizenzic – a word to describe a number to the eighth power coined by Robert Recorde

Notes

References

  • James R. Newman (1956). The World of Mathematics Vol. 1 Commentary on Robert Recorde
  • Philip E. B. Jourdain (1913). The Nature of Mathematics;
  • Gareth Roberts and Fenny Smith, editors (2012). Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician (University of Wales Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press) 232 pages
  • Jack Williams (2011). Robert Recorde: Tudor Polymath, Expositor and Practitioner of Computation (Heidelberg, Springer) (History of Computing).
  • J. W. S. Cassels (1976). Is This a Recorde?, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 60 No. 411 March 1976 p 59-61
  • Gordon Roberts (2016). Robert Recorde: Tudor Scholar and Mathematician (University of Wales Press, Scientists of Wales series).
  • Frank J. Swetz and Victor J. Katz (2011). "Mathematical Treasures - Robert Recorde's Whetstone of Witte". Convergence (January 2011) .
  • St. Andrew's University Maths History biography
  • Robert Recorde: the Welshman who invented equality
  • Robert Recorde and other Welsh Mathematicians
  • 100 Welsh Heroes – Robert Recorde
  • Earliest Uses of Symbols of Relation
  • Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics This contains numerous quotations from Recorde.
  • RECORDE (Robert) in Charles Hutton's Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary
  • Robert Recorde's life and works on h2g2
  • Current publisher of Robert Recorde's books in the form of original reproductions